THE REFINED BEGG

TECHNIQUE

PRECEPTOR: DR. Divya Shetty

PRESENTER: Prithvi Raj Singh (PG 1st year)
1
Introduction

CHANGE – keyword of every treatment modality

 Drawbacks become apparent with passage of time.

 Refinements necessary to incorporate new concepts and

technological progress.

2
Why Begg lost popularity

▶ Broadly on the account of two reasons:

1. Wrong projection

2. The antagonism it faced from vested commercial

interests.

3
Advantages of Begg Technique

▶ Throughout the treatment light forces are used, which are

physiologically more acceptable and are comfortable to the
patient.

▶ The anchorage control is very efficient, thus permitting

maximum use of the available or created space to bring
about pronounced tooth movements.

▶ Deep overbites can be opened quickly and effectively.

▶ A quick alignment of teeth can be obtained.

4
▶ An early resolution of the malocclusion is achieved by
the en-masse movements of anterior and posterior
groups of teeth, for quick overjet reduction and
correction of molar relationship.

• The roots can be efficiently uprighted and torqued

without appreciable reciprocal effects on the adjacent
teeth.

▶ The demands on patient’s co-operation are minimal.

▶ The cost is low.

5
Disadvantages of Conventional Begg
 Round wire – Ribbon bracket combination – no precise
control for

fine finishing.

 Posterior root torque was very difficult

 Rotational control was poor due to undersize wires

 True intrusion of upper incisors – nil or minimal.

6
 Overuse of Class II elastics

Lack of upper incisor intrusion.

undesirable proclination of lower incisors.

Tipping of mandibular & occlusal planes.

 Uncontrolled tipping – root resorption.

long third stage.

 Overemphasis on tooth
material reduction –
ruined profiles.
7
 Refined beggs is the current Begg
practice using the same Begg
(ribbon arch) brackets.
REFINE
D
BEGG :
Although it significantly deviates
from conventional Begg, it is still
within the framework of basic
Begg tenets.

8
► The present day Begg
practice gradually refined
from the original teachings
of Begg to overcome the
shortcomings of
conventional Begg and to
assimilate the contemporary
thinking and material
advances.

9
EVOLUTION OF REFINED BEGG

Leyman Wagers: Treatment during mixed dentition.

Milton sims: Undesired effects of multiloop

Swain: Advised using of headgear & rectangular wires

in certain situations.

Mulie, Ten hoeve & brandt: Need for intrusion

of upper incisors during bite opening.

10
 Hocevar: Difficulty in obtaining upper incisor intrusion.

Kameda: Need to start root torque early.

Thompson: Need for posterior root torque.

Mollenhauer: Inadequacy of the theory of attritional

occlusion.

Need for obtaining functional occlusion.

11
Begg practice grouped into:

 Conventional Begg.

 Modified Begg. – brackets other than Ribbon arch brackets

– (combination br., edgewise br, tip edge br.)

 Refined Begg.

14
Conventional V/S Refined Begg technique

• Studied under 3 headings

1. Changes in the concept

2. Improvement in the hardware

3. Modifications in the mechanics in all the stages of

treatment

15
CHANGES IN CONCEPTS
 ‘Theory of Attritional Occlusion’ &
Differential force concept.
challenged overemphasis of extractions.
Ant. teeth remain stationary under heavy forces
– only till hyalinised areas – eliminated.
 Treatment objectives.
static occlusion – Andrew’s six keys -
goal of Refined Begg.

16
FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSION – Roth.

Likewise, gnathologic objectives as outlined by Roth have

been accepted for functional occlusion. The following
aspects are checked at the end of the treatment:

 Synchronization of CO & CR.

 Elimination of hanging palatal cusps – upper post.

Teeth.

 Cuspid protected occlusion.

 Incisor guidance.
17
 Diagnosis

Conventional Begg – few criteria.

 ī to A – Pog line
 ANB & FMA.
Present broad based diagnosis.
 Skeletal, dental & soft tissue
analysis.
 Growth estimation.
 VTO is commonly used

18
 Treatment Planning.
Cookbook approach – discarded.
Overempahsised need to extract – previously

 Mixed dentition considered

 Growth modulation – before or during fixed appl. phase.
 Molar distalization – selected cases.
 Avoid extractions when possible.
 Ext. options – as dictated by diagnosis –4’s/5’s/upper
all 4’s,lower 5’s/ single arch ext./single LI.

19
 Biomechanics.

controlled tipping – 1st two stages.

Mollenhauer – root control from 1st stage - MAA.
( Mollenhauer aligning Auxillary)
 Advantages:
 uncontrolled tipping prevented.
 third stage shorter.
 lingual root torque – canine roots abutting against
labial cortical plate.

20
 Archform

formerly – no due importance.

 Present –

 maintenance – lower archform.

 maintaining or improving upper archform.

21
Changes in the hardware.
 Attachments.
▶ Built in adjustments – torque (Kameda) & anti –
rotation (Mollenhauer)
▶ Distal offset in molar tubes.
 Archwires.
▶ Higher grade Australian wires – Premium,Premium
+,supreme.
▶ Multistranded ( co-ax )
▶ NiTi.
▶ Alpha Ti.
22
CHANGES IN THE HARDWARE
ATTACHMENTS
▶ Basic design of the begg bracket has not
changed.
▶ Depth of slot:0.020”,ht.0.045”,base 3mm x 3mm.

23
BUILT IN
ADJUSTMENTS
ANTI-ROTATIONAL ADJUSTMENT:
MOLLENHAUER

24
BUILT IN TORQUE
▶ KAMEDA:

25
▶ Built in torque.
Raising gingival or incisal edge of bracket base away from tooth
surface. (Kameda).
▶ Placement of attachments.
Upper and lower canine brackets – more incisally placed. Lower
incisor bracket – more gingivally.
U/L PM bracket – more occlusally. Molar
tubes – Upper occlusally.
Lower more occl. than conventional
gingival position.

26
DISTAL OFFSET IN THE MOLAR
TUBES

27
 Molar tube.
Round tube – 0.036” x 6mm.
Oval tubes – 0.072” x 0.024” lumen, 5mm
length. Combination tube
Round ( gingival ) & Rectangular ( ribbon )
0.025 x 0.018, 5.5mm.
 Adjustment.
Upper molar tubes – 10° distolingual rotational
offset. when fixed per. To mesial aspect of molar.
Lower molar tube - 5° distolingual rotational offset.

28
ARCH WIRES
▶ Higher grade Australian arch wires like: Premium,
Premium plus, Supreme.
• Superior properties pulse straightening, as against spinner
straightening of older grades.
▶ Unraveling of crowding: Thin premium plus or supreme
wires, multi-stranded (co-ax) or NiTi wires are used.
▶ For finishing: alpha titanium wires. Rectangular wires.
▶ Tandem wires :combination of rect.& round cross sections
in the ant. & post. segment used as Braking mechanism.

29
 Availability of newer wires

WIRE
SIZE .008 .009 .010 .011 .012 .014 .016 .018 .020
(INCH)
PREMIUM * * * * * * * * *
PREMIUM
PLUS * * * * * * * *

SUPREME * * * *
 Elastics.

Ultra light (“Roadrunner” of Ormco) Light elastics (‘yellow’).

 Other components.

Bypass hooks. power pins.

TPA – when indicated.

31
 OTHER ATTACHMENTS.
 Hooks:

 Buccal hook (centre of MB cusp)

 Palatal hook (Centre of distolingual cusp)

 Lingual buttons, cleats or eyelets.
• Placed slightly off center – over correcting rotations.
 Additional round tubes.
 For engaging lip bumpers, head gears, distal ends of U
loops of EVAA appl.

32
 REFINEMENTS IN MECHANICS - STAGE I

Objectives – remained same – some added & elaborated

Priorities in Stage I:
correction of overjet and overbite ( bite before jet)
alignment of teeth
elimination of crossbites
correction of archform
matching of midlines
class I molar and canine relationship

33
Objectives – described under two substages.

 Substage I – A.
• Create space for correcting crowded teeth / close spacing if
already present.
• Alignment – correction of labolingual displacement/rotations.
• Upper incisor inclination - + 10° of normal.
• Rotations / BL positions of upper molars corrected.
• PM rotations- only with palatal or lingual attachments.
• Upper arch broadened in canine premolar area if narrow – to
permit mand. advancement.- for correcting class II
34
 Substage I – B.

 Bite opening.
By incisor intrusion, molar extrusion.
 Retraction of upper anterior teeth to eliminate the overjet
with
control over the root position. by
▶ Employing mechanics of controlled tipping of upper incisors.
▶ Preventing uncontrolled tipping of lower incisor – during bite
opening.
▶ Root control – extreme lingual or labial position of ant.
teeth.
35
 Mandibular plane angle – controlled.

 Correction of midline.

 Interarch relations corrected to Cl I.

 Displacement & rotation of P.M’s corrected

36
 ALIGNMENT OF CROWDED
ANTERIOR TEETH

▶ Initially-Multiloop wire: 0.016 S.S wire

37
 MULTILOOP ARCHWIRE- disadvantage
• Ill effects of ant. teeth.
• uneven bite opening.
• Labial flaring.

• On post. teeth.
 Loss of control over molar position.
 Loss of anchorage.

• Difficulty in construction & adjustment.

• Difficulty in maintaining archform.

• Difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene.

38
 Alignment without multiloop

Space created by sliding the teeth along the arch.

 class II elastics – upper arch.
 class I elastics - lower arch.
Base wires – reasonably stiff
- Not worsen existing
overbite.
- Affect lower arch form.
Base wires 0.016 or 0.014 SS
with flexible wires like NiTi.
39
40
▶ SPACE CREATED – DISTAL TIPPING OF CANINE.

• Minor crowding – 0.016 SS with cuspid circle lightly pressing

canine brackets

▶ crowding ( 1mm ) – 0.014 SS – cuspid circle – 0.5 distal to

canine bracket
▶ more severe – sliding canines distally – 0.014 /0.016 SS.
Class II elastics – upper
Class I elastics – lower.

41
▶ CLOSING ANT. SPACING

Retracting proclined upper ant. teeth.

- 0.016 SS.
- cuspid circles kept 2mm mesial to canine bracket
- elastics – class II – upper.
- class I lower.
Spacing to be closed without retracting.
▶ Fig. of 8 elastomeric tie & cuspid circles
mesially
example: Class II non extraction case

43
 Improving incisor inclination.
 Proclined  class II elastics with mild /moderate
anchorage bends.
 Retroclined  allowed to upright under bite opening
bends effect without elastics.

ROTATION
 Rotated molars - Approp. toe in or toe out bends – in SS
0.016 archwire.

 Mild B.L disp. – expansion /contraction in archwire.

44
Substage I B

 Bite opening.
Preference – incisor intrusion & avoiding molar extrusion.
- prevents gummy smile
- better root movement
- increase in mandibular plane angle

45
▶ Intrusive force from bite opening bends acts through the
labially placed brackets- tends to cause Labial crown/lingual
root tipping.

• Round wires in Begg – displacement - Resisted by class II

elastics.

Kesling in BeggS - Anchor bends upper 0.016 wire = 45 g

force/side.

Extrusive comp. of class II elastic = 30 g / side.

Resultant = 15 g / side.
spread on = 5 g/ tooth.
3 teeth
46
In the Refined Begg
Excess proclination or retroclination corrected in 1st substage A.
▶ Then intrusive and class II elastic force varied-
incisor inclinaton so that the orientation of
resultant force kept close to C. Res.
Steps.
▶ Intrusive force applied 45g, CL II force 60g.
▶ Inclination improves. Intrusive force - 60g,
Cl II - 30g.
▶ Incisors upright – elastic application.- oblique ( ant.
pointing downward direction ).

47
CR

48
Gradual increase in magnitude of intrusive force
– anchor bend30°- 50° - 0.016 archwire
elastic force –using for longer periods – 3-5
days switching from yellow ( 5/16”) to
Road runner ( 3/8” ) elastics.
Directional change-
changing from class II  Class I  applying elastics from
TPA.- pointing anteriorly downwards
Alternative – ‘power arms’ upper molar-By Dr. K. Jyothindra
Kumar.

49
50
Location of bite opening bends. (Arch wire design modifications).
▶ Conventional bite opening bends.
3mm mesial to the molar tube. Intrusion of upper canines &
progressively less intrusion of LI and CI.
▶ Gable bends – distal to canines.
extrusion of canines, intrusion of LI & CI.
▶ Hocevar’s modification. – a bend on either side of canines.
CI – intrusion. Canine & LI – extrusion.

53
 Bite opening curve ( anchor & gable bends).

Canines – extrusion, LI and CI – intrusion.

Modification – Dr. Jayade.

 Mild anterior gingival curve – midpoint
3mm over the brackets.
 Vertical step up bend – 4 – 5 mm ht., 2 – 3 mm mesial to the
molar tube.
 Anchor bend – upper end of the step.

54
55
Elimination of Overjet – control over root positions

Edge to edge relation – controlled tipping.

Uncontrolled tipping – hasten root resorption( Reitan).

Controlled tipping – upper incisors during retraction.

elastic force alone-creates uncontrolled tipping.
for controlled tipping – counter moment.
Ratio – b/w 5:1 and 8:1.
intrusive force – counter moment.
Conventional Begg.- low intrusive force,
heavy elastic force.
56
Higher intrusive forces & light or ultra light
elastic forces in substage ib

incisor intrusion & controlled

tipping.
 Bite opens - intrusive force by decrasing the anchor bends.
 moment gets augmented by the use of MAA for maintaining
the proper M/F ratio.

57
▶ Development of MAA
Mollenhauer –rectangles made in 0.010 “ wire for
reciprocal torque on adjacent incisors (SPECS)

In 1984, on request of Mollenhauer , A. J. Wilcock made

0.009” supreme wire

Initially he used it similar to niti or co-axial wire.

Later he made boxed aux. named

“ An Aligning auxiliary for ribbon arch bracket”.

58
▶ Requirements of MAA
▶ Must generate very light root moving forces

▶ when reciprocal torque is required with the adjacent

rectangle must not diverge by more than 450

▶ Auxiliary should resist deformation (resilient supreme

grade pulse straighten wire)

▶ Base wire should be able to resist vertical and

transverse reactive forces from MAA

59
For lingual root torque

Mollenhauer engaged MAA

first & base arch wire piggy
back but rectangles lift away
from the tooth surface. So,
Thickest possible pins
(ceramaflex) used.

60
ADVANTAGES OF MAA
▶ simultaneous intrusion and retraction of incisors
▶ Efficiency in rapid bodily alignment of anterior teeth with
gentle forces
▶ Stable results
▶ Reciprocablility of torquing forces on instanding laterals
or palatally placed canines.
▶ Periodontal advantages – gingival dehiscences associated
with prolonged labial root torquing is eliminated
▶ Short stage three.

61
 Various applications of MAA

▶ bodily alignment of crowded teeth

▶ To apply labial root torque on lower incisors in growing

brachyfacial cases.

▶ Can also be used for labial root torque on upper incisors

in class III
cases.

▶ By bending more +ve Torque as a braking mechanism

62
Modification of MAA
▶ With available pins holding down the boxes for lingual
root torque was difficult. So, torquing action of MAA is
directly applied on gingival surface of teeth. For this base
wire is engaged first and MAA is engaged piggy back.

63
▶ When reciprocal root torque is required on adjacent teeth the
concerned box rides over the main arch wire with a cross over
bend and pressed against the incisor surface of the crown

64
Preventing uncontrolled tipping of the lower incisors.
o Brackets bonded – gingivally.
o MAA – labial root torque – lower incisors.
o Ends of lower archwire bend distal – molar tubes.
Root control – extreme lingual or labial positions of the
anteriors
o Labial movement of instanding incisors or canines- MAA.
o Lingual root movement – canines – marked root prominence
– for placing into cancellous bone.

65
Controlling mandibular plane angle.

Open during tretment. – molar extrusion – worsening of

Cl II profile.

Correcting midline discrepancy.

Upper midline - after alignment, uneven cl II elastics.

If both midlines shifted in opp. Directions – midline diagonal

elastic.

Lower midline alone – unilateral lower cl I elastic.

66
Correcting inter - arch relationships to Class I.

▶ Growing child – class II – class I – encouraging the mandibular

growth.

▶ Adults – mesial movement of the lower post. dental segment.-

class II elastics.

▶ Selected cases – distalizing upper molars

67
Check list at the end of Stage I.

 Incisors – edge to edge relation.

 Midlines matching.
 Molar & canines – class I.
 Upper and lower arch forms – matching.
 Molar rotations & BL displ. Corrected.
 Good control – root positions & mandibular plane angle.

68
 Stage II
Objectives.
Common –
▶
Maintai
n all
correcti
ons – in
stage I.
▶
Close
all
extracti
on
spaces. 69
 Archwires in Stage II of Refined Begg

In extraction & non extraction cases –

0.018” P or P+, or 0.020 P
wires.
If stage I corrections involved – extreme deep bite, badly
distorted arch forms or severe rotations – 0.020 archwires
effective.
Anchor bends
PM bypassed – except when in distobuccal rotation.

70
 Controlled tipping of the incisors.

MAA – lingual root torque – controlled lingual tipping – incisors

during retraction.
( bite opening force - intrusive force supplemented with moment
from MAA ).
Lower incisors – sig. retraction – lingual root torque.
Canines – excess tipping – 0.010 uprighting springs.-
minimises their uncontrolled tipping

71
Braking mechanics.

Second PM extraction Cases – excess space closed by post.

protraction.
Good profile at start of treatment.
‘Brakes’ – reverse anchorage site – posterior  ant.
Commonly used:
Braking springs: passive uprighting springs – 0.018 wire.
Angulated T pins: prevent further tipping

72
Combination wires: either of SS or Alpha Ti alloy. Ant segment. –
0.022 x 0.018 (ribbon mode).
Post. segment – 0.018 round .
Alpha Ti – easier to engage in ant. br. slots. chance of
distortion due to occlusal forces in the posterior region
Use SS combination wire - give less torque than alpha Ti.
Disadv. – expensive.

73
Strength of elastics –
▶ Light ( yellow ) Class I or II elastics – ant. retraction.
▶ Ultra light Class II elastics.

▶ Stronger ( green ) – class I – posterior protraction.

Check list.
▶ Spaces closed completely.
▶ Ant. edge to edge bite or +ve overjet in open bite
cases.
▶ Canine & molar relations – Cl I or super Cl I

74
 Pre Stage III.
Need  PM’s not engaged – extn spaces are closed.
PM’s – different vertical level.
Horizontal offset reqd. – engagement in PM bracket & molar tube.
Archwire:
0.016 wire – one visit – arch wire engagement in PM
Offset b/w PM & Molar.
Upper wire – gable bend.
Lower wire – mild anchor & gable bend.

75
 Stage III.
Objectives.
▶ Maintain corrections.
▶ To achieve desired root
positions. Additional Objectives.
( Refined Begg ).
▶ Monitor sagittal & vertical
anchorage.
▶ Monitor & correct inclinations of
post. Teeth
▶ Correct – 2nd molars – when reqd.
▶ Monitor treatment for undesirable sequels – root
76
resorption, parafunctional habits
 Problems encountered in Stage III.

 Undesired sagittal movements.

Mesial movement of upper arch – Corrected Cl I to Cl II.
Mesial movement of both arches – BMP.
Individual crown movements – crowding.
Mesial & distal crown movement – Ext. Site – open
spaces.
 Undesired vertical movements.
Undesired transverse movements – upper molars roll
buccally.
 Root resorption.
77
Complications – related to :

1. Amount of lingual root torque needed for incisors &

distal root movement.

2. Amount of force generated – auxiliaries & springs.

3. Use of weak base wires

78
 Remedies:
Minimize need for root movements.

▶ Correct diagnosis & carefully planning extn.

▶ Using efficient brakes.

▶ Incisors tipped in a controlled manner.

Use of heavy base wires.

▶ 0.020 P wire , stiffness 3x – Special + wires.

79
Lighter aux. & Uprighting springs.
▶ Because of reduced need to torque – 2 spur used.
▶ 0.012 wire used.
▶ Uprighting springs-
mini springs – 0.009
slightly bigger coils – 0.012 wire – canines & PM’s.
Light Class II elastics.
▶ Because of lighter reciprocal actions.

80
Reinforcement of the anchorage.

Extreme Malocclusion , anchorage needs to reinforced

Sagittal direction
– reverse torquing in lower incisors.
▶ Head gear or TPA – upper molars.
▶ Lip Bumper – lower molars.
Vertical Augmentation.
▶ High pull head gear, post
bite blocks.
Transverse
▶ 0.020 premium grade wires
– enough contraction & toe in. 81
 Archwires.
 Cuspid circles tightly touching – cuspid brackets.
 Post. segment kept gingivally in reln. to the ant. seg.
 Contraction & toe in – upper wire And expansion in lower – less.
decided – looking at original study models.
 Arch wires properly co-ordinated.
 Wire ends – annealed & tightly cinched.

82
▶ Elastics:
very light class II elastics.
▶ Second molars banded midway in third
stage. Completion of third stage:
Degree of uprighting & torquing assessed
▶ Visual inspection
▶ Palpating – roots.
▶ Radiographs –
Lateral Cephalogram.
Panoramic radiograph.
Occlusal film.-
labiolingul alignment
– LI roots 83
 Torquing auxiliaries.

 Torquing auxiliary with Spurs.

Refinements –
0.012 P+ wire (PS).
0.014 or 0.016 special + - used previously.
Inter spur span is curved – not angulated or kept
straight. Modifications:
 Reverse labial torque – one or both laterals.
 Torquing boxes – canines for lingual root torque.

84
Other torquing Aux.
 Single root torquing Aux.
( Kesling ). Buccal root torque –
upper PM.
Direction of curvature – lingual or
buccal root moving

effect.
0.012” P + wire – used.

85
 Reciprocal torquing Aux.
( ‘SPEC’ ) .
 Two adjacent teeth – torque in
opp. Direction.
0.009 or 0.011 wires – Stage I.
0.012” – Stage III.

86
 Uprighting springs.
Earlier springs – 0.016 & 0.014
Mini springs – Mollenhauer – ( 0.009” dia )
Supreme grade wire.
Older Mini

Coil
Differences.

Stem

89
Securing pins.

▶ Mollenhauer – jamming – with lock pin labial to base arch

wire.
▶ Ligature – passinglig. Wire – through
bracketin front of archwire – passed behind
archwire outside bracket.
▶ Sims – insert pin lingual – main wire – after pinning with Stage
III pins.

90
Stage IV
Finishing with Begg appliance – difficult , not impossible.
Objectives of finishing & detailing.
▶ Intra arch objectives.
 Good interdental contacts, proper faciolingual
positioning of teeth.
 All rotations over corrected.
 Complete space closure.
 Vertical levelling.
 Flat curve of spee.
 Proper tip & torque.
 Maintenance of lower Inter-Canine dimensions.
91
▶ Interarch objectives.
▶ Normal overjet and overbite.
▶ Cl I canine & Molar reln.
▶ Tight interdigitation of all thecusps of post. Teeth.
▶ Functional requirements.
▶ Matching CO – CR.
▶ No cuspal interference during function.
▶ Cuspid & incisor guidance.
▶ Control of etiologic factors.
▶ Soft tissue factors
▶ Frenectomy , CSF etc.

92
▶ Round & Rectangular Finishing wires used.
▶ Round wires.
▶ 0.020 stage II wires used.
▶ Archwires given – ideal shape & co-ordinated.
▶ First order & Second order adjustments made.
First order.
▶ Labio lingual position of upper laterals.
▶ Upper canine prominence.
- Molar offset .
- Toe in for U6 – proper Cl I .
- Lower canine ‘tucked in’.

93
Second order adjustments.
 U 2 , shorter in relation to U1 and U3.
 Mesial angulation of U6.
 U3’s slightly more mesially angulated.
 L3 & L2 – levels to be adjusted.
Rectangular finishing wires.
 Alpha Ti – 0.022 x 0.018 ribbon wires.
 Precise torque – build in ant. segment.
 Soft – easy to bend. Harder in mouth.
 0.022 vertical dimension – enough clearence – 0.040
vertical slot – vertical settling of the teeth.

94
▶ Check list on finish.
▶ Establish all Andrews six keys.

▶ Check the midline.

▶ Check the occlusion – Centric position.

▶ Occlsuion in functional movements.

▶ Excellent interdigitation.

▶ Over correction not required or use 10 ½ / 10 relation.

95
OTHER MODIFICATION OF BEGG TECHNIQUE

• MODIFIED BEGGS
• ALKINSONS 3D UNIVERSAL BRACKET SYSTEM
• BEGG-CHUN HOON COMBINATION BRACKET
• THE MODULAR SELF LOCKING BRACKET
SYSTEM
• COMBINED ANCHORAGE TECHNIQUE
• THE KAMEDIZED BEGG TECHNIQUE
• TIP EDGE
• BEDDTIOT TECHNIQUE
• LINGUAL LIGHT WIRE TECHNIQUE
• CONTROL 21 BRACKET SYSTEM

96
Conclusion.
Many shortcomings of the Begg appliance have been highlighted at
different points in time ever since its introduction. But the basic
tenets of Begg mechanotherapy have stood the test of the time
and largely remained unaltered.

The trend in Refined Begg is in the scientific progression of Dr.

Begg’s concepts, especially in the use of ultra light forces. With
the advances in technology & materials, a better realization of
these concepts has been possible, ultimately leading to superior
results in treatment.

97
98