PASSIVE VOICE,

CAUSATIVE
HAVE
BACKGROUND OF THE PAPER
By mastering English well, we will be able to communicate with
other nations in the world. Apart from that, we will also be able to
CHAPTER 1
increase our insight and knowledge for the progress of our nation
and country, because we will be able to read English literature,
listen to foreign radio broadcasts, and watch other scientific films.
In this way, in the end we can master knowledge in all fields.
Grammar and structure are important things in English.
 THEORY AND DISCUSSION
A. PASSIVE VOICE
1. Active and Passive Voice
Active sentences (active voice) are sentences where the subject
does the work, conversely, passive sentences (passive voice) are
sentences where the subject is carried out by the object of the
sentence. Active voice is used more often in everyday life
compared to passive voice.
2. Function
The passive voice is used to show interest in the
person or object that experiences an action rather
than the person or object that performs the
action. In other words, the most important thing
or person becomes the subject of the sentence.
3. Example
Active: We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
From this example we can see that:
a. The object of the active voice (the soil) becomes the
subject of the passive voice.
b. The subject of the active voice (we) becomes the object of
the passive voice. Also note that there is a change from
the subject pronoun 'we' to the object pronoun 'us'.

4. Formula Active and passive voice patterns for each tense

Based on the six points above, passive voice follows the
following pattern: Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object +
modifier
a. If the active voice is in the simple present tense, then the 'be'
passive voice is is, am or are. Example:
 Active : He meets them everyday.
 Passive : They are met by him everyday.
b. If the active voice is in the simple past tense, then the 'be'
passive voice is was or were. Example:
 Active : He met them yesterday
 Passive : They were met by him yesterday
c. If the active voice is in the present perfect tense, then the
'be' passive voice is been which is placed after the auxiliary
has or have, so it becomes 'has been' or 'have been'.
Example:
Active : He has met them
 Passive : They have been met by him

d. If the active voice is in the past perfect tense, then the 'be'
passive voice is been which is placed after the auxiliary had,
so it becomes had been. Example:
• Active : He had met them before I came.
• Passive : They had already met by him before I came.
e. If the active voice is in the simple future tense, then the
passive voice 'be' is be. Example:
• Active: He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
f. If the active voice is in the future perfect tense, then the
passive voice 'be' is placed after the auxiliary will have, so it
becomes 'will have been'. Example:
 Active : He will have to meet them before I get there
tomorrow.
 Passive : They will have already met him before I get there
tomorrow.
g. If the active voice is in the past future perfect tense, then the
'be' passive voice is been which is placed after the auxiliary
would have, so it becomes 'would have been'.Example:
 Active : He would have met them.
 Passive : They would have been met by him.
h. If the active voice is in the present continuous tense, then
the 'be' passive voice is (is, am or are) + being. Example:
• Active : He is meeting them now.
• Passive : They are being met by him now.
i. If the active voice is in the past continuous tense, then the
'be' passive voice is (was or were) + being. Example:
• Active: He was meeting them.
• Passive : They were being met by him.
j. If the active voice is in the perfect continuous tense, then the
'be' passive voice is (has/have) been + being. Example:
• Active : He has been meeting them.
• Passive : They have already been met by him.

k. If the active voice is in the past perfect continuous tense,

then the 'be' passive voice is had been + being. Example:
• Active : He had already met them.
• Passive : They had already been met by him.
l. If the active voice is in the future continuous tense, then the
'be' passive voice is will be + being. Example:
• Active: He will be meeting them.
• Passive: They will be met by him.
m. If the active voice is in the past future continuous tense, then
the passive voice 'be' is would be + being. Example:
• Active : He would be meeting them.
• Passive : They would be met by him.
n. If the active voice is in the future perfect continuous tense,
then the 'be' passive voice is will have been + being.
Example:
• Active : He will have already met them.
• Passive : They will have already been met by him.
o. If the active voice is in the past future perfect continuous
tense, then the 'be' passive voice is would have been +
being. Example:
• Active : He would be meeting them.
• Passive : They would be met by him.

Other examples:
1. Koko's nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on
his nose. (Koko's nose was bleeding. Her friend hit her right in
the nose).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian
team. (The Indonesian football team was defeated by the Saudi
Arabian team).
5. Gerund combination
Advise/insist/propose/recomended/suggest + gerund + object are
usually expressed in the passive by that . . . should, as above.
A ; He recomended using bullet-proof glass.
P ; He recomended that bullet-proof glass should be used.
It/they + need + gerund can also be expressed by it/they + need +
passive infinitive. Both forms are passive meaning. Other gerund
combination are expressed in the passive by the passive gerund:
A ; I remember them taking me to the zoo.
P ; I remember being taken to the zoo.
pattern of passive voice is:
Subject + Tobe + Verb (Past Participle) + by + Object.
 THEORY AND DISCUSSION
B.CAUSATIVE
Reporting from Merriam Webster, causative is "... a form that
indicates that the subject causes an act to be performed or a
condition to come into being." It can be concluded that a
causative verb is a verb that is used to show that the subject
makes someone or something do an action. Examples of
causative verbs include: allow, cause, convince, enable, force,
get, have, hold, keep, lead, let, make, motivate, permit, and
require. However, the most popular and commonly used
include: let, make, have, and get.
1. Active and Passive Causative Formula

a. Active causative
The person or thing that actually performs the action is called the agent,
while the action carried out by the agent is expressed in an action verb.
The action verb is in the form of a bare infinitive (the basic form of the
verb) or an infinitive (to verb), depending on what verb is used. The
structure above is called active causative structure and the formula for
making the sentence is: S + causative verb + agent + action verb (bare
infinitive/infinitive). The causative verbs that are followed by the bare
infinitive include have, let, and make. Meanwhile, causative verbs
followed by the infinitive consist of allow, cause, convince, enable,
force, lead, get, motivate, preclude, and require.
Example of sentences:
 I'll have the plumber fix the sink.
 My mom lets me borrow her car.
b. Passive causative
Meanwhile, there is also the opposite of active causative, namely passive
causative. In passive causative, the agent is not mentioned in the
sentence, but you can also add by if you still want to mention the subject.
In the passive sentence structure, you must use the action verb in the past
participle (V3) which is called passive causative structure. The formula is:
S + causative verb + object + action verb (past participle).
 I have my bike repaired
 I had my hair cut.
 Maria got the car washed.
 THEORY AND DISCUSSION
c. Use of Causative Have
In discussing have, there are three parts that we need to separate
because they have different functions, namely:
• Have someone do something (have + agent + bare infinitive): used
when we talk about causing, persuading, asking or arranging
someone to do something for us.
• Have somebody doing something (have + agent +
present participle): can be used for actions that occur
continuously over a certain period of time.
• Have something done (have + object + past participle):
used to talk about someone who does something we ask
by emphasizing the process or action rather than the
one who does it.
 The example sentences are as follows:
a. I'll have him take your kids to school.
b. My boss had me working on several projects
last year.
c. I had my house renovated last week.
d. She had her phone's battery replaced by a local
shop.
Causative Have can be in active or passive form, here
are each sentence patterns and explanations.
Active
Subject + have (tergantung tenses) + complemen (biasanya orang) + [verb in
simple form (verb 1)]

Active
Subject + get (tergantung tenses) + complement (biasanya orang) + [verb in infinitive
(to+verb 1)]

Passive
Subject + have/get + complement + [verb in past participle (verb 3)] (tergantung
tenses) (biasanya benda)

Emily had the car washed. (pasif) —> Emily had somebody wash the car. (aktif)
 CONCLUSION
Study practice in structure makes students understand more in forms, positions, and other parts of words in English. It can help us when we
want to make a written text, improve our skills and build our knowledge about English. Structure is important so that we must learn it and not
make a mistake. Learn everything for details from the core to make perfection in our English. Passive voice is a sentence where the subject is
carried out by the object of the sentence.
1. The object of the active voice (the soil) becomes the subject of the passive voice.
2. The subject of the active voice (we) becomes the object of the passive voice. Also note that there is a change from the subject pronoun 'we' to
the object pronoun 'us'.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) in active voice becomes verb3 (fertilized) in passive voice.
4. Added be 'is' in front of verb3. The be used depends on the subject passive voice and the tenses used. (Note the passive voice patterns below).
5. Added the word 'by' after verb3. However, if the object of the passive voice is considered unimportant or unknown, then the object is usually
not stated and neither is the word 'by'.
6. Especially for progressive sentences (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, and past future perfect continuous, you need to add 'being'
in front of verb 3).
If you don't add "being", the tension will change, not progressive/continuous anymore. Look at the examples in points h – o below.
Causative Have means someone asks someone else to do something for him. Example: I had the plumber repair the leak. (meaning the
plumber fixed the leak because I asked him to do that). Have is a common causative verb. This verb functions to want someone to do
something for the subject. The formula used is as follows: Active sentence: S + (have/ had + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object.
THANK YOU