Lesson 4

Fallacies: Why and Where

Unit 3| The Value of Human Knowledge

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
Fallacies
– errors or mistakes in reasoning
DIG DEEPER

Formal Fallacies Informal Fallacies

Formal fallacies are structural
errors that make an argument
invalid. An argument is invalid if
the conclusion does not necessarily
follow the premises.
Example:
If it rains, then the ground is wet.
The ground is wet.
Therefore, it rained.
Informal fallacies are errors found
in the content or context of an
argument.
Example:
Nobody is perfect. Since I am a
nobody, then I am perfect.
What Is Wrong?

I was hoping you would not

chastise me for having a nasty
temper because I only learned that
from you.
What Is Wrong?

All critics of the administration are

recruits of the New People's Army.
What Is Wrong?

Nobody is perfect. Since I am a

nobody, then I am perfect.
Classification of Informal Fallacies

Irrelevance Presumption Ambiguity

Stoplight

STOP CONTINUE START

PHOTO CREDIT

Slide 6: Logical Fallacies Fallacy Icon.png, by SkepticalScience is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
REFERENCES
Hetherington, Stephen. “Gettier Problems.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed July 29, 2022.
https://iep.utm.edu/gettier/.

Hurley, Patrick J. A Concise Introduction to Logic. 12th ed. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning, 2015.

Nilo Macayan, Jr. y Malana vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 175842, Manila (2015).