UNIT 1

ENERGY SCENARIO

ASST.PROF. KRUNAL KHIRAIYA

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1 DEPARTMENT
PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ENERGY
Energy defines as “ability to do work” OR
“capacity to do work”

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic

development of any country.

In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector

assumes a critical importance in view of the ever increasing
energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

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VARIOUS UNITS OF ENERGY

Jules
l Btu=1055.1 J
British Thermal Units(Btu)
1 kWh=3.6 MJ
Kilowatt-hours (Kwh)
l cal=4.186 J
Calorie

Tones of oil equivalent (Toe)

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SOURCES OF ENERGY
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following
criteria:

• Primary and Secondary energy

• Commercial and Non commercial energy

• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or

stored in nature.
Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas

Secondary energy source This is an energy source which

does not exist in nature but is produced from a primary energy
source, such as electricity generated from the burning of fossil 4
fuels.
 SECONDARY
PRIMARY ENERGY
ENERGY

Crude oil, Hard Petroleum

Coal, Natural products,
Gas, Nuclear manufactured solid
etc. fuels and gases etc.
Transformation

To
Waste Electricity and heat consumption

Biomass, wind, Bio fuels etc.

hydro, tide etc.
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Commercial energy The energy sources that are available in the
market for a definite price are known as commercial energy resources.

Eg: Coal, Petroleum, Electricity, etc.

Non Commercial energy The energy resources that are not available
in the market for a definite price are called as non commercial energy
resources.

Eg. Firewood, cattle waste, agricultural waste, etc.

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Commercial energy Non Commercial energy
 The commercial energy has great  The non-commercial energy is
economic value. cheaper.
 This energy pollutes the  This is pure and keeps the
environment badly. environment clean.
 This types of energy are limited in  Abundant in nature.
nature.
 High capital investment is required
 It can be used in raw form.
in the purification.  It is dominantly used in rural
 It is used in urban as well as rural areas.
areas.  Cow dung, charcoal, firewood and
 Coal, petroleum, natural gas and agricultural waste.
nuclear energy.

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Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are
essentially inexhaustible.

Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as

coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

“Non-Renewable ” “Renewable ”
(Conventional) (Non-Conventional)
Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear Solar ,Wind, Bio gas

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WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY
CONSUMPTION

Data Source: http://www.iea.org/

INDIA-PRIMARY ENERGY MIX

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ENERGY END USES

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INDIA – INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY

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COAL SUPPLY
Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the total
primary energy production. Over the years, there has been a marked increase
in the share of natural gas in primary energy production from 10% in 1994 to
13% in 1999. There has been a decline in the share of oil in primary energy
production from 20% to 17% during the same period.

India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tonnes of proven
recoverable reserves (at the end of 2003). This amounts to almost 8.6% of
the world reserves and it may last for about 230 years at the current Reserve
to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast, the world’s proven coal reserves are
expected to last only for 192 years at the current R/P ratio.

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COAL SUPPLY
Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio- If the reserves remaining at the end of the
year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of
time that the remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at
that level.

India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world.

Coal production is concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, West
Bengal).

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OIL SUPPLY
Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption.
India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world and
will soon overtake Korea as the third largest consumer of oil in Asia
after China and Japan.
The country’s annual crude oil production is peaked at about 32 million
tonne as against the current peak demand of about 110 million tonne.

In the current scenario, India’s oil consumption by end of 2007 is

expected to reach 136 million tonne(MT), of which domestic
production will be only 34 MT. India will have to pay an oil bill of
roughly $50 billion

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NATURAL GAS SUPPLY
Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in
the country. The current demand for natural gas is about 96 million
cubic metres per day (mcmd) as against availability of 67 mcmd. By
2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 mcmd. Natural gas
reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters.

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INDIA - FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES

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Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AIR
POLLUTION
SO2 Modification of Atmospheric properties/processes

NOx Photochemical Smog

CO Precipitation Acidity

SPM Visibility

CO2 Corrosion Potential

CFC Radiation Balance Alteration

Ultraviolet energy absorption

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NEED FOR ALTERNATIVES

Fossil fuel reserves limited

India - 17% of World population, 4% of primary energy

Present pattern – predominantly fossil based

(87% comm., 64% total)

52% of households un electrified

Linkage between energy services and quality of

life

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ENERGY CONSERVATION OBJECTIVE

Broadly energy conservation program initiated at micro or macro level will

have the following objectives of manufactured goods (either lower process or
increased) availability and profitability, and in consequence raise the standard
of living both of the workers in industry and of those who buy the products.
a) To reduce imports of energy and reduce the drain on foreign exchange.
b) To improve exports of manufactured goods (either lower process or
increased availability helping sales) or of energy, or both.
c) To reduce environmental pollution per unit of industrial output - as carbon
dioxide, smoke, sulphur dioxide, dust, grit or as coal mine discard for
example.
d) Thus reducing the costs that pollution incurs either directly as damage, or as
needing, special measures to combat it once pollutants are produced.
e) Generally to relieve shortage and improve development
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ENERGY CONSERVATION
Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related
concepts.

Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is

reduced, measured in physical terms.

Energy Conservation can, therefore, be the result of several processes or

developments, such as productivity increase or technological progress.

Energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific

product, process or area of production or consumption is reduced without
affecting output, consumption or comfort levels.

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Promotion of energy efficiency will
contribute to energy conservation and
is therefore an integral part of energy
conservation promotional policies.

Energy efficiency is often viewed as a

resource option like coal, oil or natural
gas. It provides additional economic
value by preserving the resource base
and reducing pollution. For example,
replacing traditional light bulbs with
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
means you will use only 1/4th of the
energy to light a room. Pollution levels Energy efficiency means using
also reduce by the same amount less energy to perform the same
function.

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PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION
Some general principles of energy conservation are explained below

1. Recycling of energy from waste

2. Waste heat utilization

3. Modernization of technology

4. Total energy cogeneration

5. Training of man power

6. Proper operation and maintenance

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7. Judicial use of proper types of energy and fuel
RECYCLING OF ENERGY FROM
WASTE

Discarded, rejected, scrapped, waste material contains valuable and useful

materials. The same can be separated and reused in economical manner.
Recycling is a process of recovering usable material from waste, processing it
to required acceptable specification and reintroduce in the economy for use.

The advantages of recycling are as:

The problem of waste disposal and environmental degradation due to
discarded material is minimized economically.

Saving of energy as the energy spent in recycling is only a fraction of the

energy needed in extraction of fresh material from new source.

Conventional resources of new material are saved.

Example, recycling of waste papers into new papers saves precious trees
which form raw material for paper production.
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 WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION

Various industrial processes require heat of different grades. Waste heat

from one process can serve the need of another, which requires heat at a
lower grade.

MODERNIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY
The energy consumption can be reduced by adoption energy efficient
modern technology. Developed countries have been able to reduce the
energy consumption significantly compared to be developing countries
by adopting energy efficient modern technology.

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ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE

The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate,
medium-term and long-term strategy. The various components of these
strategies are listed below:

Immediate term strategy

Medium-term strategy

Long-term strategy

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IMMEDIATE-TERM STRATEGY
Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.

Optimum utilization of existing assets

Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses,

including those in traditional energy sources.

Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for

environmentally sound energy systems, including new and renewable
energy sources.

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LONG-TERM STRATEGY

Efficient generation of energy resources

• Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas

• Reduction of natural gas flaring

Improving energy infrastructure

• Building new refineries

• Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network
• Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.
• Building new coal and gas fired power stations.

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LONG-TERM STRATEGY
Enhancing energy efficiency
• Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-economic,
and environmental priorities
• Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards
• Labeling programmes for products and adoption of energy efficient
technologies in large industries

Deregulation and privatization of energy sector

• Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs
• Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive
• Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency.

Investment legislation to attract foreign investments.

• Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation in
power generation, transmission and distribution .
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MEDIUM-TERM STRATEGY
Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum
fuel mix, structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in
the transport sector, i.e. Greater dependence on rail than on road for the
movement of goods and passengers and a shift away from private modes to
public modes for passenger transport; changes in design of different
products to reduce the material intensity of those products, recycling, etc.
• There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This
would include measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads,
better design of vehicles, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and
synthetic fuel, etc. Similarly, better urban planning would also reduce the
demand for energy use in the transport sector.
• There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy
sources viz. solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.

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