CHAPTER 5

Permatang Pauh Campus
Penang Malaysia
MEC 412 : Engineering Statics

Semester 1
Chapter 5: Analysis of Structures
By
Rosley Bin Jaafar
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
rosley110@uitm.edu.my/019-5668192
Book; Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr. and David F. Mazurek,

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics, 12th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2018.
MEC 412
Chapter 5: Analysis of structures
Learning Outcome
Upon completion of this chapter, student should be able to;
 describe and calculate the forces in the member of a

truss using the method of joints and the method of
sections.
 describe and calculate the forces acting on the
members of frames and machines composed of pin-
connected
2
MEC 412
Chapter Outline
 Structure
 Trusses
 Assumption
 Simple trusses
 Method of joints
 Two force member
 Zero force member
 Method of sections
 Frames and Machines
3
MEC 412
5.0 Structure
 Structural analysis is important as it provides a basis for structural
design and also it evaluates whether a specific structural design will be
able to withstand external and internal stresses and forces. The
structural analysis helps to determine the cause of a structural failure.
MEC 412
5.0 Structure
 A structure is a rigid body made up of several connected parts or
members designed to withstand some externally applied forces.
 The analysis of structures is based on the principle that if a
structure is in equilibrium, then each of its members is also in
equilibrium.
 In the force analysis of structures it is necessary to dismember the
structure and to analyze separate FBD of individual members in
order to determine the forces internal to the structure.
 This analysis calls for very careful observance of Newton's 3rd law,
which states that each is accompanied by an equal and opposite
reaction.
 Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on
physical structures and their components. Structures subject to this
type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as
buildings, bridges, aircraft and ships.
 Structural analysis employs the fields of applied mechanics,
materials science and applied mathematics to compute a structure's
deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions,
accelerations, and stability. The results of the analysis are used to
verify a structure's fitness for use, often precluding physical tests
MEC 412
 Three categories of engineering structures are considered:
 Frames: contain at least one one multi-force member, i.e.,
member acted upon by 3 or more forces.
 Trusses: formed from two-force members, i.e., straight members
with end point connections
 Machines: structures containing moving parts designed to
transmit and modify forces.
 By applying the equations of equilibrium to the various parts of
simple truss, frame or machine, the forces acting on the connections
can be determined.
MEC 412
5.1 Trusses
 Trusses are commonly used to support a roof.
 For a given truss geometry and load, how can we determine the
forces in the truss members and select their sizes?
 A more challenging question is that for a given load, how can we
design the trusses’ geometry to minimize cost?
MEC 412
5.1 Trusses
 A truss is a structure made up of straight members which are
connected at the joints,and having the joints at the ends of the
members.
 Trusses are used to support roofs, bridges and other structures.
 Structural members used: I-beams, channels, angles, bars
 Fastened together at ends by: Welding , rivets, bolts
• Each truss carries those loads which act in its plane and may be
treated as a two-dimensional structure.
 When forces tend to pull the member apart, it is in tension. When
the forces tend to compress the member, it is in compression.
 When all members of a truss lie in a single plane, that truss is
known as planar or a plane truss. A plane truss is rigid if it does not
change shape when subjected to a general system of forces at it
joints.
 The truss must maintain its shape and remain a rigid body when
detached from it supports.
 Forces acting at the member ends reduce to a single force and no
couple. Only two-force members are considered
MEC 412
 The truss ABCD shows a

typical roof-supporting
truss. Roof load is
transmitted to the truss at
joints by means of a series
of purlins, such as DD’
 The analysis of the

forces developed in the
truss members is 2D
MEC 412
 For a bridge, the load

on the deck is first
transmitted to the
stringers, then to the
floor beams, and
finally to the joints B, C
and D of the two
supporting trusses.
 Like the roof truss, the
bridge truss loading is
also coplanar
MEC 412
MEC 412
5.1.1 Assumptions
 All loadings are applied at the joint
 The members are joined together by smooth pins
 Weight of the members neglected since forces supported by the
members are large in comparison
 Each truss member acts as a two force member, therefore the forces at
the ends must be directed along the axis of the member
 If the force tends to elongate the member, it is a tensile force
 If the force tends to shorten the member, it is a compressive force
MEC 412
5.1.2 Simple trusses
 Structures that are built from
a basic triangle is known as
a simple truss.
 A simple truss is constructed
starting with a basic
triangular element such as
ABC and connecting two
members (AD and BD) to
form an additional element
 To prevent collapse, the form
of a truss must be rigid
 The four bar shape ABCD
will collapse unless a
diagonal member AC is
added for support
 In a simple truss, m = 2n - 3
where m is the total number
of members and n is the
number of joints.
 Two methods for the force analysis: Method of

joints and Method of section
MEC 412
5.1.3 Method of joints
 The method of joints involved
drawing FBD of the joints of a truss
one by one and using the
equilibrium equations to determine
the axial forces in the members.
 Dismember the truss and create a
FBD for each member and pin.
 The two forces exerted on each
member are equal, have the same
line of action, and opposite sense
 The entire truss is a rigid body in
equilibrium thus we can write the
following equation for the entire
truss.
Fx  0
F y  0
M  0
MEC 412
 Pulling on the pin, meaning the member is in tension
 Pushing on the pin, meaning the member is in
compression
 The pushing and pulling indicates the effect of the
member being either in tension or compression
5.1.4 Two force member
 A two-force member is any body which has forces
applied to it at only two points of contact. In order
for the body to remain in equilibrium, the line of the
force acting at each contact, must act along a line
that passes through each point
5.1.5 Zero force member
 These members are used to increase the stability of
the truss during construction and to provide support
if the applied loading is changed. There are two
conditions:
 (1) If only two members form a truss joint and no
external load or support reaction is applied to the
joint, the members must be zero force members.
MEC 412
 Consider the truss shown
fig (a) From the FBD of the
pin at point A, members AB
and AF become zero force
members. Also at point
D, DC and DE are zero-
force members
 The load
on the
truss
shown in
fig (a) is
therefore
supported
by only
five
members
as shown
in fig (d)
MEC 412
 (2) If three members form a truss
joint for which two of the members are
collinear, the third member is a zero-force
member provided no
external force or support reaction is applied to
the joint
 Consider the truss shown fig (a)
 From the FBD of the pin of the joint D, DA
is a zero-force member
 From the FBD of the pin of the joint C, CA
is a zero-force member
 The truss shown gig

(d) is suitable for
supporting the load P
MEC 412
MEC 412
Example 1
SOLUTION:
• Based on a free-body diagram of the entire
truss, solve the 3 equilibrium equations for
the reactions at E and C.
• Joint A is subjected to only two unknown
member forces. Determine these from the
joint equilibrium requirements.
• In succession, determine unknown member
forces at joints D, B, and E from joint
equilibrium requirements.
• All member forces and support reactions
are known at joint C. However, the joint
Using the method of equilibrium requirements may be applied to
joints, determine the check the results.
force in each member of
the truss.
MEC 412
Continue … SOLUTION:
• Based on a free-body diagram of the entire truss, solve
the 3 equilibrium equations for the reactions at E and
C.
 MC  0
 2000 N 24 m   1000 N 12 m   E 6 m 
E  10,000 N 
 Fx  0  C x
Cx  0
 Fy  0  2000 N - 1000 N  10,000 N  C y
C y  7000 N 
• Joint A is subjected to only two unknown member forces.
Determine these from the joint equilibrium requirements.
2000 N FAB FAD FAB  1500 N T

 
4 3 5 FAD  2500 N C
There are now only two unknown member forces at joint D

FDB  FDA
FDB  2500 N T
FDE  2  FDA
3
5 FDE  3000 N C
MEC 412
Continue …
• There are now only two unknown member forces at
joint B. Assume both are in tension.
 Fy  0  1000  54 2500  54 FBE

FBE  3750 N
FBE  3750 N C
 Fx  0  FBC  1500  53 2500  53 3750

FBC  5250 N
FBC  5250 N T
• There is one unknown member force at joint E.
Assume the member is in tension.
 Fx  0  53 FEC  3000  53 3750
FEC  8750 N
FEC  8750 N C
• All member forces and support reactions are known at
joint C. However, the joint equilibrium requirements
may be applied to check the results.
 Fx   5250  53 8750  0 checks
 Fy  7000  54 8750  0 checks
MEC 412
5.1.6 Method of sections
 Method of joints works well when you
want to know the forces in all the
members.
 If we want to know a force in a particular
member, the method of sections is more
efficient.
 The method of sections involved drawing
FBD of parts of sections of a truss using
the equilibrium equations to determine
the axial forces in selected members.
 Consider the truss shown: To determine
the force in the member BD section n-n
would be considered and create a free
body diagram for the left side, then write
one equilibrium equation that can be
solved to find FBD.
 We can only cut such that there are 3
unknowns because:
Fx  0 Fy  0 M  0
MEC 412
p p
k • Assume that the initial section cut
was made using line k-k. Why
would this be a poor choice? Think.
• Notice that any cut may be chosen, so
long as the cut creates a separated section.
• So, for example, this cut with line p-p is
k acceptable.
MEC 412
Example 2 Solution:
• List the steps for solving this problem.
Discuss your list with a neighbor.
1. Draw the FBD for the entire truss.

Apply the equilibrium conditions and
solve for the reactions at A and L.
2. Make a cut through members FH,
GH, and GI and take the right-hand
section as a free body (the left side
Determine the force in members FH, would also be good).
GH, and GI. 3. Apply the conditions for static
equilibrium to determine the desired
member forces.
6 - 24
MEC 412
MODELING and ANALYSIS:

• Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-
Ax
rium to solve for the reactions at A and L.
L
Ay
 M A  0  5 m6 kN 10 m6 kN 15 m6 kN

 20 m1 kN 25 m1 kN 25 mL
L  7.5 kN 
 Fy  0  20 kN  L  Ay
Ay 12.5 kN 
6 - 25  Fx  0  Ax
MEC 412
• Make a cut through members FH, GH, and

GI and take the right-hand section as a free
body.
• What is the one equilibrium equation that

could be solved to find FGI?
• Sum of the moments about point H:

MH  0
7.50 kN10 m 1 kN5 m FGI 5.33 m 0
FGI  13.13 kN
FGI  13.13 kN T
6 - 26

MEC 412
• FFH is shown as its components. What one
equilibrium equation will determine FFH?
FG 8 m
tan    0.5333   28.07
GL 15 m
 MG  0
7.5 kN15 m 1 kN10 m 1 kN5 m
 FFH cos 8 m  0
FFH  13.82 kN FFH  13.82 kN C
• There are many options for finding FGH at this
point (e.g., SFx=0, SFy=0). Here is one more:

GI 5m
tan    2  0.9375   43.15
HI 3 8 m
 ML  0
1 kN10 m 1 kN5 m FGH cos  10 m 0
6 - 27 FGH  1.371 kN FGH  1.371 kN C
MEC 412 Topic 5.2 : Frames and Machines Leave blank

Example 3
Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the truss.
Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression.
MEC 412
Topic 5.2 : Frames and Machines Leave blank

Solution
• Choose section a-a since it
cuts through the three
members
• FBD of the entire truss
   Fx  0;400 N  Ax  0
Ax  400 N
 M A  0;
 1200 N (8m)  400 N (3m)  D y (12m)  0
D y  900 N
   Fy  0;
Ay  1200 N  900 N  0
Ay  300 N
MEC 412
FBD of the sectioned truss
 M G  0;
 300 N (4m)  400 N (3m)  FBC (3m)  0
FBC  800 N (T )
 M C  0;
 300 N (8m)  FGE (3m)  0
FGE  800 N (C )
   Fy  0;
3
300 N  FGC  0
5
FGC  500 N (T )
MEC 412
5.2 Frames and machines
 Frames are commonly used to support various external loads. To be
able to design a frame, you need to determine the forces at the joints
and supports.
 How is a frame different than a truss?
 “Machines,” are used in a variety of applications. How are they different
from trusses and frames?
 How can you determine the loads at the joints and supports? These
forces and moments are required when designing the machine’s
members.
MEC 412
Rigid Non-collapsible Non-rigid Collapsible

–structure constitutes a rigid unit by –structure is not a rigid unit by itself but
itself when removed from its supports depends on its external supports for
–first find all forces external to the rigidity
structure treated as a single rigid body –calculation of external support
–then dismember the structure & reactions cannot be completed until the
consider equilibrium of each part structure is dismembered and individual
parts are analysed.
MEC 412
Frames are rigid structures.

They maintain their shapes with Machines are non-rigid
or without external loads. structures. They depend on
supports to maintain their
shapes, which are usually
not unique.
MEC 412
 Frames and machines are two common types of structures which are often
composed of pin-connecting multi-force members i.e. subjected to three or
more forces.
 A free body diagram of the complete frame is used to determine the external
reaction forces while internal forces are determined by dismembering the
frame and creating free-body diagrams for each component.
 Two-Force Member: a structural member that is loaded only at two pin joints
along the member.
 Multi-Force Member: a structural member that is loaded at more than two points
along the member.
 Truss: a rigid framework of straight, lightweight two-force members that are
joined together at their ends.
 Frame: an assembly of rigid members (of which at least one is a multi – force
member) intended to be a stationary structure for supporting a load.
 Machine: an assembly of rigid members designed to do mechanical work by
transmitting a given set of input loading forces into another set of output forces.
Machines contain moving parts..
MEC 412
 Forces on two force members have known lines of action but
unknown magnitude and sense.
 Forces on multi-force members have unknown magnitude and line
of action. They must be represented with two unknown
components.
 Forces between connected components are equal, have the same
line of action, and opposite sense.
MEC 412
Force diagram
Overall free body diagram DCAB; Multi-force member
M A  0  T
Fx  0  Ax
Fy  0  Ay
M C  0  FBE
M E  0  C y
BE;2- force member CEF;Multi-force member
Fx  0  C x
6
MEC 412
• Some frames may collapse if removed

from their supports. Such frames can
not be treated as rigid bodies.
c Nos. of unknown support reactions = 4

Nos. of equilibrium equations = 3 /.All
reactions cannot be determined from
the overall free body diagram
Nos. of unknown member forces = 6 Nos.

of equilibrium equations = 6 /All member
forces can be determined from the
member free body diagrams
4
MEC 412
• Machines are structures designed to transmit
and modify forces. Their main purpose is to
transform input forces into output forces.
• Given the magnitude of P, determine the
magnitude of Q.
• Create a free-body diagram of the complete
machine, including the reaction that the wire
exerts.
• The machine is a nonrigid structure. Use

one of the components as a free-body.
• Taking moments about A,

a
 M A  0  aP  bQ Q P
b

Example 4
Draw the free-body diagrams of the bucket and the
vertical boom of the back hoe. The bucket and its content
has a weight W. Neglect the weight of the members.
Solution
Idealized model of the assembly.
Members AB, BC, BE and HI are two force
members
MEC 412

Example 5
SOLUTION:
• Create a free-body diagram for the complete
frame and solve for the support reactions.
• Define a free-body diagram for member
BCD. The force exerted by the link DE has a
known line of action but unknown magnitude.
It is determined by summing moments about
C.
• With the force on the link DE known, the sum
of forces in the x and y directions may be
used to find the force components at C.
Members ACE and BCD
are connected by a pin at • With member ACE as a free-body, check the
C and by the link DE. For solution by summing moments about A.
the loading shown,
determine the force in link
DE and the components
of the force exerted at C
on member BCD.
MEC 412Topic 5.2 : Frames and Machines Leave blank
Continue …
SOLUTION:
• Create a free-body diagram for the complete
frame and solve for the support reactions.
 Fy  0  Ay  480 N Ay  480 N 
 M A  0  480 N 100 mm  B160 mm

 Fx  0  B  Ax B  300 N 
• Note:
Ax  300 N 
  tan 1 150
80  28.07
Continue …
• Define a free-body diagram for

member BCD. The force exerted by
the link DE has a known line of action
60 mm but unknown magnitude. It is
determined by summing moments
about C.
 M C  0  FDE sin 250 mm  300 N 60 mm  480 N 100 mm FDE  561 N C
FDE  561 N
• Sum of forces in the x and y directions may be used to find the force components at C.
 Fx  0  C x  FDE cos  300 N C x  795 N

0  C x   561 N cos  300 N
 Fy  0  C y  FDE sin   480 N C y  216 N
0  C y   561 N sin   480 N
Continue …
• With member ACE as a free-body,

check the solution by summing
moments about A.
 M A  FDE cos 300 mm  FDE sin  100 mm  C x 220 mm
  561cos 300 mm   561sin  100 mm   795220 mm  0
(checks)

Example 6
The hand exerts a force of 35N on the
grip of the spring compressor.
Determine the force in the spring
needed to maintain equilibrium of the
mechanism.
Solution
FBD for parts
DC and ABG
Continue..
Lever ABG
 M B  0; FEA ( 25mm)  35 N (100mm)  0
FEA  140 N
Pin E
   Fy  0; FEA sin 60  FEF sin 60  0
FED  FEF  F
   Fx  0;2 F cos 60  140 N  0
F  140 N
Arm DC
 M C  0;
 Fs (150mm)  140 cos 30 (75mm)  0
Fs  60.62 N
MEC 412
THANK YOU

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Permatang Pauh Campus

MEC 412 : Engineering Statics

Book; Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr. and David F. Mazurek,

Upon completion of this chapter, student should be able to;

 describe and calculate the forces in the member of a

 The truss ABCD shows a

 The analysis of the

 For a bridge, the load

 Two methods for the force analysis: Method of

 The truss shown gig

2000 N FAB FAD FAB  1500 N T

There are now only two unknown member forces at joint D

 Fy  0  1000  54 2500  54 FBE

 Fx  0  FBC  1500  53 2500  53 3750

1. Draw the FBD for the entire truss.

MODELING and ANALYSIS:

 M A  0  5 m6 kN 10 m6 kN 15 m6 kN

• Make a cut through members FH, GH, and

• What is the one equilibrium equation that

• Sum of the moments about point H:

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

FBD of the sectioned truss

Rigid Non-collapsible Non-rigid Collapsible

Frames are rigid structures.

• Some frames may collapse if removed

c Nos. of unknown support reactions = 4

Nos. of unknown member forces = 6 Nos.

• The machine is a nonrigid structure. Use

• Taking moments about A,

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

 M A  0  480 N 100 mm  B160 mm

• Define a free-body diagram for

 Fx  0  C x  FDE cos  300 N C x  795 N

• With member ACE as a free-body,

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

Chapter 5: Analysis of structures

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