E VA L U AT I O N O F F I T N E S S

P R E S E N T E D B Y S P O RT S A N D R E H A B I L I TAT I O N P O S T G R A D U AT E S T U D E N T S O F S I K K I M M A N I PA L C O L L E G E O F P H Y S I O T H E R A P Y
C O N T E N T-

• Fitness- definition and component

• Metabolic fitness - evaluation

• Health related fitness - evaluation

• Skill related fitness

W H AT D O Y O U M E A N B Y P H Y S I C A L
ACTIVITY ?

• Physical activity is defined as

any bodily movement
produced by skeletal muscles
that results in energy
expenditure.

• Physical activity in daily life

can be categorised into
occupational, sports,
conditioning, household, or
other activities
• Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured,
and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective, the
improvement or maintenance of physical fitness

• Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health or skill-

related.

• Being physically fit has been defined as "the ability to carry out daily
tasks with vigour and alertness, without undue fatigue and with
ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen
emergencies”

• The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured

with specific tests.
COMPONENT OF FITNESS -

• Metabolic fitness

• Health- related fitness

• Skill - related fitness

M E TA B O L I C
FITNESS
H O W T O A C H I E V E M E TA B O L I C
FITNESS?

• Blood pressure- It involves indirect measuring the effectiveness of the

heartbeat, adequacy of blood volume and presence of any obstruction to
vascular flow through the use of sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope.
Normal BP is 120/80

• Pulse rate- It is the number of throbbing sensations felt over a peripheral artery
when the heart beats. Normal ranges from 60 to 100 pulses per min.

• Blood insulin- Insulin test measures blood samples for the amount circulating
insulin, responsible for blood glucose usage by surrounding tissue. Normal
values are 5 to 20µm/mL while fasting. Lower than normal suggest Type 1
diabetes and above normal level suggests Type 2 diabetes.
BLOOD PRESSURE -
American Heart Association; 2024
P U L S E R AT E -

• Pulse/heart rate is the wave of blood in the artery created by

contraction of the left ventricle during a cardiac cycle. The
strength or amplitude of the pulse reflects the amount of
blood ejected with myocardial contraction (stroke volume).

• Normal pulse rate range for an adult is between 60-100

beats per minute. A well-trained athlete may have a resting
heart rate of 40 to 60 beats per minute, according to the
American Heart Association (AHA).
• Types of pulse rate -

• Peripheral Pulse - can be felt at the periphery of the body by

palpating an artery over a bony prominence. Examples are
carotid, radial and popliteal pulses

• Apical Pulse - Central pulse located on the apex of the heart

that is monitored using a stethoscope.
METHODS -

• Palpatory method

• Pulse waveforms

• Photo electric methods -Transmittance method and

Reflectance method
H E A LT H
R E L AT E D
FITNESS
• The main aims of health-related fitness testing are :

• Educating clients about their present health-related fitness status in

relationship to standard age and sex- matched normative values

• Providing data that are helpful for making clinical decision while
prescribing exercises to address all fitness components

• Collecting baseline and follow up data that allow evaluation of

progress by exercise program participants

• Motivating participants by establishing SMART goals

• Stratifying cardiovascular risk

BODY COMPOSITION -

• Indirect method - anthropometry, and BIA

• Direct method - total body water, total body counting and

neutron activation.

• Criterion methods - body density,Dual energy X-ray

absorptiometry, CT and MRI.
WHO classification
CIRCUMFERENCE

• - The measuring sites vary by sex -

• Women:

• Neck: measured right below the voice box and rounded up

• Waist: measured at the natural waistline (or the smallest waist circumference) and
rounded down

• Hips: measured at the largest protrusion of the buttocks

• Men:

• Neck: measured right below the voice box and rounded up

• Waist: measured at the navel and rounded down

ACSM ; 10th edition
SKIN FOLD MEASUREMENT
ACSM; 10th edition
MUSCLE ENDURANCE

• Muscular endurance is the

ability of a muscle group to
execute repeated muscle
actions over a period of time
sufficient to cause muscular
fatigue or to maintain a
specific percentage of the 1-
RM for a prolonged period of
time.
• A simple field test such as the maximum number of push-
ups that can be performed without rest may be used to
evaluate the endurance of upper body muscles.
 FLEXIBILITY

• It is the ability to move a joint through

its complete range of motion.

• Flexibility is joint specific, thus, no

single flexibility test can be used to
evaluate total body flexibility.
Goniometers, inclinometers,
electrogoniometers, the Leighton
flexometer and tape measures are some
common devices to measure flexibility
in degrees.

• Sit and reach test is one of the

flexibility tests.
• Modified Sit & Reach Test

• Sit and Reach Test

• Hip Flexion Test

• Static Flexibility Test – Ankle

• Static Flexibility Test – Hip and Trunk

• Static Flexibility Test – Shoulder

• Static Flexibility Test – Shoulder & Wrist

• Static Flexibility Test – Trunk and Neck

• Trunk Flexion Test

C A R D I O VA S C U L A R / C A R D I O
R E S P I R AT O R Y E N D U R A N C E

• CRF is related to the ability to

perform large muscle, dynamic,
moderate-to-vigorous intensity
exercise for prolonged periods of
time.

• Performance of exercise at this

level of physical exertion depends
on the integrated physiologic and
functional state of the respiratory,
cardiovascular, and
musculoskeletal systems.
MODES OF TEST -

• Commonly used modes for exercise testing include

treadmills, cycle ergometers, steps, and field tests. The
mode of exercise testing used is dependent on the setting,
equipment available, and training of personnel. There are
advantages and disadvantages of each exercise testing
mode:
MUSCULAR STRENGTH

• Muscular strength refers to the

external force (N) that can be
generated by a specific muscle or
muscle group, it is commonly
expressed in terms of resistance
met or overcome.

• Strength can be assessed either

statically (i.e., no overt muscular
movement at a given joint or
group of joints) or dynamically
(i.e., movement of an external load
or body part in which the muscle
changes length).
• Static or isometric strength can be measured conveniently
using a variety of devices including cable tensiometers and
handgrip dynamometers. Measures of static strength are
specific to the muscle group and joint angle involved in
testing and thus may be limited in describing overall
muscular strength.
• Isokinetic testing involves the assessment of maximal muscle
tension throughout an ROM set at a constant angular velocity
(e.g., 60 angles · s−1).

• Equipment that allows control of the speed of joint rotation

(degrees · s−1) as well as the ability to test movement around
various joints (e.g., knee, hip, shoulder, elbow) is available from
commercial sources.

• Such devices measure peak rotational force or torque, but an

important drawback is that this equipment is substantially more
expensive compared to other strength testing modalities.
SKILL
R E L AT E D
FITNESS
• It is also known as performance-related fitness components.
It is associated with athletic competition but should be
considered in the overall fitness of all individuals. These
components are pertaining with the athletic ability of an
individual.
 BALANCE -

• It is the ability of an
individual to maintain their
line of gravity within their
base of support. It can be
classified into static and
dynamic. Balance is control
by three different system:
somatosensory, visual and
vestibular system.
• Here are some of the sports which require balance -

• Badminton,

• Basketball,

• Bowling,

• Wall climbing

• Golf

• Horseback riding

• Ice skating

• Inline skating

• Bike riding

• Paddle boarding

• Racquet sports (tennis, pickleball, etc.)

• Surfing

• Volleyball

• Dance
• It can be assessed by various outcome tools such as berg balance
scale, BESTest, etc.

1)One leg stance test- Individual is asked to stand on 1 leg for 10s
with eyes open or closed

2)Sharpened Romberg’s test- Individual stands with both feet in

tandem (feet touching heel to toe) with eyes closed to mask the
problem with balance.

3)Time up and Go test- This balance test measures the time needed to
rise to standing from a chair, walk 3m, turn, walk back to chair and sit
down.
 AGILITY -

• Agility is defined as “a rapid

whole-body movement with
change of velocity or
direction in response to a
stimulus”. It performs a series
of explosive power
movements in a rapid
succession in opposing
directions
• Agility Evaluation Tests -

• Hexagonal obstacle agility test

• Zig-zag test

• 505 agility test

• llinois agility run test

• Lateral change of direction test

• Quick feet test

• Burpee test

• ’T’drill test.
 SPEED AND POWER -

• Speed is defined as the ability to

move the body in one direction
as fast as possible.

• Power is a measure of force

being applied at speed and
therefore is a fitting commodity
in the majority of sports
requiring fast dynamic
movements such as sprinting,
jumping, throwing, weightlifting
and most field sports.
• The following are examples of speed and power tests:

• 10 stride test
30 metre acceleration test
60 metre speed test

• Shuttle run test

150 metre endurance test
250 metre endurance test
400 metre sprint test
300 yard shuttle test
400 metre drop off test
• Margaria Kalamen power test

• Vertical jump test

400 metre control tests
40 metre sprint test
30 metre sprint fatigue power maintenance test

• Concept 2 rowing step test

Flying 30 metre speed test
Kosmin test
LAS (lactic vs. speed) test
PWC-170 test
Wingate anaerobic 30 cycle test
Sprint speed test
Multiple sprint test.
REACTION TIME -

• Reaction time is related

to the time elapsed
between stimulation and
the beginning of the
reaction to it.

• Reaction time is affected

by several variables
including attentive,
cognitive and motor
functions.
• It can be assessed by the following tests-

• Drop ruler test

• AFL Reaction time test

• Batack reaction time

• Light board test

C O O R D I N AT I O N -

• It is the ability to use

the senses, such as
sight and hearing,
together with body
parts in performing
motor tasks smoothly
and accurately.
• Coordination Tests include -

• Stick Flip Coordination Test

• Wall-Toss Test

• Block Transfer

• Soda Pop Test

• Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test

• Plate Tapping

• Light Board Test (also reaction)

REFERENCES -

• ACSM; Tenth Edition, 2016 ;Deborah Riebe, PhD, FACSM.

• 101 Performance Evaluation Tests;Brian Mackenzie

• 1997-2024 Topend Sports Network

• Corbin CB, Lindsey R (1994). Concepts of Fitness & Wellness. as cited in Jacaranda Outcomes 1
PDHPE Preliminary Course 5th Edition (published by Wiley), Chapter 5: Physical Fitness Training
and Movement Efficiency.

• Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness:
definitions and distinctions for health-related research.

• Catherine Rush Thompson. Prevention Practice and Health Promotion: A Health Care
Professional’s Guide to Health, Fitness, and Wellness. 2nd edition, slack incorporated, 2014

• WHO- Physical activity.