ADDICTIVES AND

PSYCHOTROPIC
 LEARNING OUTCOME
• To define what is addiction
• To know how do drugs work in the brain to
produce pleasure
• To define physical dependence, tolerance and
addiction
• To define what is addictive substances.
• To define the classification of addictives
substances.
• To define the classification of narcotics.
 DEFINITION OF ADDICTION

How do you define

“addiction”?

Give examples
 What is Addiction?
• Addiction is a long-term disease where an
individual has an overwhelming desire to find
and use drugs, even though there are
dangerous consequences.
• Addiction is a disease because it can result in
long-term changes in the brain structure,
function, and behaviors caused by drug use.
 Addiction Physiology
• The body has “natural addictions,” things it
needs us to keep doing to survive.
• Eating, sleeping are things that we need to
survive so our body wants to encourage these
behaviors.
• Certain chemicals can hijack this process so
we start prioritizing this process over the
things we need to survive.
 Reward Pathway • There is a part of the
brain called the “reward
pathway”.
• This pathway operates
when you do things that
make you feel good.
• Whenever you do
something that feels
good, you release the
neurotransmitter
dopamine. And when we
feel good, we are more
interested in doing that
same event over again.

• This pathway was developed evolutionarily to help us pursue

activities that would help us survive.
• Drugs like to "hijack" and take control of your reward pathway so
you no longer have control over it.
Physical Dependence, Tolerance,
and Addiction
Increase in Tolerance Over Time

DAY

Withdrawal
• Physical dependence can occur with the regular
(daily or almost daily) use of any substance,
legal or illegal, even when taken as prescribed.
• It occurs because the body naturally adapts to
regular exposure to a substance (e.g., caffeine
or a prescription drug).
• Tolerance is the need to take higher doses of a
drug to get the same effect.
• Addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by
drug seeking and use that is compulsive,
despite negative consequences.
 THE DEFINITION OF ADDICTIVES
ADDICTIVES:
substances that can cause their user to
become addicted.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ADDICTIVES

Drugs (NAPZA)

Narcotics Psychotropic Other

addictives
substances
NARCOTICS MARIJUANA
leaves, flower,
OPIOIDS seed, twig :
Cannabis
sativa
COCAINE

Sap of the plant:

leaves : Opium
Erythroxylum coca Papaver sommiverum
coca (opium, morphine,
putaw, heroin,
codeine)
1. Opioids
 often used as medicines because they
contain chemicals that relax the body and
can relieve pain. Some can be used to treat
coughing and diarrhea.
 are made from the plant directly, and others
are made by scientists in labs using the same
chemical structure.
Opium (Papaver somniverum)
• Opium fruit were cut with a knife, tapping
thick white sap. Once dried and turned brown
in color, the sap is collected and sold as raw
opium.
• Raw opium is processed to become opium
ready for consumption.
Morphine
• is a natural opioid from Effects of morphine:
the sap of opium fruit; • euphoria;
• is a strong painkiller; • pain relief;
• works by blocking pain • sleepiness or unusual
signals from travelling drowsiness;
along the nerves to the
• reduced anxiety;
brain.
• false or unusual sense of
well-being;
• relaxed or calm feeling.
Effects of heroin: Heroin
•euphoria; • is an opioid drug
•dry mouth; made from
•warm flushing of the morphine;
skin; • can be a white or
•heavy feeling in the brown powder, or a
arms and legs; black sticky
•nausea and vomiting; substance known as
•severe itching; black tar heroin.
•going "on the nod," a
back-and-forth state of
being conscious and
semiconscious.
 How Opioids Affect the Body and
Brain
Long-term effects can include:
•Nausea and vomiting
•Bloating
•Constipation
•Liver damage
•Brain damage due to hypoxia,
resulting from respiratory
depression
•Development of tolerance
•Dependence
•Death
2. Marijuana
 Marijuana (cannabis) refers to the dried leaves,
flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis
sativa or Cannabis indica plant.
 Also called: Cimeng, Kanabis, Marijuana, Pot,
Grass, Dope, Weed, Herb, Bud, Ganja.
 The plant contains the mind-altering chemical
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
Effects of marijuana:
• altered senses (for example, seeing brighter
colors)
• altered sense of time
• changes in mood
• impaired body movement
• difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
• impaired memory and learning
• hallucinations (when taken in high doses)
• delusions (when taken in high doses)
• psychosis
3. Cocaine
 is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug made
from the leaves of the coca plant;
 mostly grow in Bolivia and Peru (South America);
 cocaine looks like a fine, white, crystal powder;
 can be used for valid medical purposes, such as
local anesthesia for some surgeries;
 also called: Blow, Coke, Crack, Rock, Snow.
Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca)
Effects of cocaine:
• extreme happiness and energy
• mental alertness
• hypersensitivity to sight, sound, and touch
• irritability
• paranoia—extreme and unreasonable distrust of others
• constricted blood vessels
• dilated pupils
• nausea
• raised body temperature and blood pressure
• fast or irregular heartbeat
• tremors and muscle twitches
• restlessness
 LEARNING OUTCOME
• To define the classification of psychotropic.
• To define the classification of other addictives
substances.
(inhalants, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine)
• To define the impact of drug abuse.
• To define drugs addiction prevention.
 stimulants
mood
stabilizers

anti-anxiety
Psychotropic agents

antidepressants
antipsychotics

A psychotropic is any drug that affects behavior,

mood, thoughts, or perception.
 Why are psychotropic drugs
prescribed?
To treat: • These medications
• anxiety work by altering
neurotransmitters
• depression
to improve
• schizophrenia symptoms.
• bipolar disorder • Each class works a
• sleep disorders bit differently, but
they have some
similarities, too.
1. Anti-anxiety agents
• They can treat different types of anxiety
disorder, including social phobia related to
public speaking, sleep disorders, panic
attacks, stress
• This class is known as benzodiazepines (BZD).
• They’re recommended for short-term use.
• They can help relax your muscles and calm
your mind.
• They have serious side effects, including
dependence and withdrawal.
2. Antidepressants
• It used to treat different types of depression.
• Depression is more than feeling sad for a few
days. It’s persistent symptoms that last for
weeks at time. You may also have physical
symptoms, like sleep issues, lack of appetite,
and body aches.
3. Antipsychotics
• It used to treat schizophrenia and some
forms of bipolar disorder.
4. Mood stabilizers
• Mood stabilizers are psychiatric medications
that help control swings between depression
and mania.
5. Stimulants
• These drugs mainly treat attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
 Other Addictive
Substances
Caffeine

Inhalants
Nicotine
Alcohol
1. Inhalants
 inhalants refers to the various substances that
people typically take only by inhaling.
 They contain dangerous substances that have
psychoactive (mind-altering) properties when
inhaled.
 Most inhalants affect the central nervous system
and slow down brain activity.
Products Used as Inhalants
Solvents
• industrial or household Aerosols
products, including: • household aerosol items,
– paint thinners or including:
removers – spray paints
– dry-cleaning fluids – hair or deodorant
– gasoline sprays
– aerosol computer
– lighter fluid
cleaning products
• art or office supply solvents,
– vegetable oil sprays
including:
– correction fluids
– felt-tip marker fluid
– glue
Products Used as Inhalants
Gases
• found in household or Nitrites
commercial products: • often sold in small brown
– butane lighters bottles labeled as:
– video head cleaner
– propane tanks
– room odorizer
– whipped cream aerosols
– leather cleaner
• used as anesthesia (to make
patients lose sensation – liquid aroma
during surgery/procedures):
– ether
– chloroform
– nitrous oxide
2. Tobacco/nicotine
 Tobacco is a plant
grown for its
leaves, which are
dried and
fermented before
being put in
tobacco products.
 Tobacco contains
nicotine, that can
lead to addiction.
Hazardous substances in cigarettes
Carbon monoxide (CO)
• poisonous
• bind with hemoglobin in
human blood and reduce
the ability of the blood to
bind oxygen
Tar
• black and sticky
substances that
are carcinogenic
• cause lung
irritation
Nicotine (C10H14N2)
• excites the parts of the brain
that make you feel good
• it quickly gives you a small
rush of pleasure and energy
• raise blood pressure
• your heart might beat faster
• you might breathe faster.
• it can make you not want to
eat
• can make you nervous and
jittery
Effects of tobacco/nicotine
ORGAN EFFECT
Brain Nicotine affects the brain and cause
addiction
Skin Dullness, wrinkles, psoriasis (a skin
disease)
Fingers and nails Fingers turn yellow, nails turn black
Eyes Cataract
Mouth Yellow teeth, bad breath
Risk of mouth, tongue, and lips cancer
Throat A lot of phlegm, frequent cough
Risk of throat cancer
Lungs Lung cancer, bronchitis, asthma,
emphysema (swelling lungs)
Heart Heart attack and stroke
Blood vessels Damaging to cells in blood vessels
3. Alcohol
 Drinks like beer, malt liquor, wine, and hard liquor
contain alcohol.
 Alcohol is the ingredient that gets you drunk.
 Hard liquor—such as whiskey, rum, or gin—has
more alcohol in it than beer, malt liquor, or wine.
 Derived from the fermentation of sugar-containing
materials (rice, fruits, seeds, honey).
These drink sizes have about the same amount of alcohol in
them:

NOTE:
1 fl oz = 29.6 ml
Signs of alcohol misuse
• laugh and talk loudly
• feel dizzy
after drinking a lot, people get
a headache and feel sick. This
is called a hangover.
• have blurry vision
• have trouble staying on their
feet and sway when they walk
• slur words when they talk
• feel sleepy and relaxed
• pass out
• throw up
• get violent
4. Caffeine
 Is a natural stimulant
 Found in coffee, tea and cacao plants
 It helps you stay awake and can avoid tiredness
 Caffeine’s main effect is on the brain. It
stimulates the brain by blocking the effects of
the neurotransmitter adenosine.
IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE
1. Personal problems
a. health problems
b. psychological problems
c. law problems
2. Family problems
3. Society problems
4. Nation problems
DRUGS ADDICTION PREVENTION
• Don’t ever try any dose and kind of drugs with
any excuse
• Find a good social network in a reliable place,
with good people and at proper time
• Strengthen the affection of your family by
watching each other’s back
• Be aware of your life and environment
• Deepen your faith in God
 Resources
http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/brain-and-
addiction
http://www.nida.nih.gov/
http://www.addictionsupport.aarogya.com/
images/stories/neurochems%20dopamine
%20serotonin.jpg
https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/caffeine/