Computer Applications and

Research Orientations
Computer

 A computer is an electronic device that can receive, process, store, and output data to
perform various tasks and functions.
 It is a versatile and programmable machine capable of executing a wide range of
operations, from basic arithmetic calculations to complex data analysis, communication,
and multimedia tasks.
 Computers typically consist of hardware components such as a central processing unit
(CPU), memory, storage devices, input and output devices, and software that controls their
operations.
 They come in various forms, including desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets,
and servers, and they play a crucial role in modern society for tasks like word processing,
internet browsing, gaming, and scientific research.
History of Computer
History of Computer

 Computer history is a fascinating journey through the development of

computing devices, which has evolved significantly over the past
century. Here's a brief overview of key milestones in computer history:

 Early Mechanical Computers (1600s-1800s): The concept of

mechanical computing dates back to inventors like Blaise Pascal and
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who created machines capable of performing
arithmetic operations. Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, designed in
the mid-19th century, is often considered the first general-purpose
mechanical computer.
History of Computer…

 The Advent of Electronic Computers (1930s-1940s): The 1930s saw

the development of electronic components such as vacuum tubes. This
led to the creation of early electronic computers like the ENIAC
(1945) and the UNIVAC (1951). These machines were massive and
consumed a significant amount of power.
 Transistor Era (1950s-1960s): The invention of transistors in the late
1940s marked a significant shift. Transistors were smaller, more
reliable, and less power-hungry than vacuum tubes. This led to the
development of smaller and more practical computers like the IBM
1401 and the IBM 360 series.
 Microprocessors and Personal Computers (1970s-1980s): The
invention of the microprocessor by Intel in 1971 was a pivotal
moment. This led to the development of the first personal computers,
like the Altair 8800 and the Apple I. The IBM PC, introduced in 1981,
set the standard for the modern desktop computer.
History of Computer…

 The Rise of Home Computing (1980s-1990s): The 1980s witnessed

the explosion of home computing with machines like the Commodore
64 and the introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUI) like Apple's
Macintosh and Microsoft Windows.
 The Internet and World Wide Web (1990s-Present): The 1990s
brought the internet to the public, connecting computers worldwide.
This facilitated the rise of e-commerce, social media, and online
services. Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the World Wide Web in 1989
revolutionized information access.
 Mobile Computing (2000s-Present): The 21st century has seen the
proliferation of smartphones and tablets, leading to mobile computing
becoming an integral part of everyday life.
History of Computer…

 Cloud Computing and AI (2000s-Present): Cloud computing has become a fundamental technology,
enabling remote data storage and processing. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have made
significant strides, further expanding the capabilities of computers.
1. Quantum Computing (Emerging): Quantum computers, based on the principles of quantum
mechanics, have the potential to revolutionize computing by solving complex problems that are
beyond the reach of classical computers. Although still in the experimental phase, they hold promise
for the future.
1. Quantum computing is a cutting-edge paradigm in computing that leverages the principles of quantum
mechanics to process and store data. Unlike classical computers, which use bits to represent information as 0s
and 1s, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits. Qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a
phenomenon known as superposition. This property allows quantum computers to perform certain types of
computations much faster and efficiently than classical computers for specific tasks.
 Computer history is marked by constant innovation, miniaturization, and increased accessibility. It has
profoundly impacted various aspects of society, from business and science to communication and
entertainment, and continues to shape the world we live in today.
Computer Generations
Computer Generations

 Computer generations refer to distinct stages in the development of computer technology,

characterized by significant advancements in hardware, architecture, and functionality.
These generations have shaped the evolution of computers and are essential to
understanding the historical context and technological progress in computing. There are
typically five generations of computers:
 First Generation (1940s-1950s):- Hardware: Vacuum tubes and electrical switches. -
Characteristics: Large, bulky, and highly unreliable. - Notable Computers: ENIAC,
UNIVAC, and EDVAC. - Functionality: Primarily used for numerical calculations and
scientific research.
Computer Generations…

 Second Generation (1950s-1960s): - Hardware: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. -

Characteristics: Smaller, more reliable, and less heat-producing. - Notable Computers:
IBM 700 series, IBM 1401. - Functionality: Introduction of high-level programming
languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. **3.
 Third Generation (1960s-1970s):- Hardware: Integrated circuits (ICs) and semiconductor
technology. - Characteristics: Further miniaturization, improved reliability, and lower cost.
- Notable Computers: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8. - Functionality: Supported time-
sharing, multiprogramming, and remote terminals.
Computer Generations…

 Fourth Generation (1970s-Present): - Hardware: Microprocessors and VLSI (Very-Large-

Scale Integration) chips. - Characteristics: Significant reduction in size, energy
consumption, and cost. - Notable Computers: Personal computers (PCs), laptops, and
smartphones. - Functionality: Revolutionized personal computing, introduced graphical
user interfaces (GUI), and supported networking.
 5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): - Hardware: Advances in quantum computing,
artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology. - Characteristics: Focus on parallel processing,
advanced AI, and quantum computing. - Functionality: Tackling complex problems with
AI, machine learning, and quantum algorithms. Quantum computers aim to solve problems
that classical computers cannot.
Types of Computer
Types of Computer

 1. Personal Computers (PCs):

• Personal computers are the most common type and are designed for individual use.
• They can be desktop computers or laptops.
• PCs are versatile and suitable for a wide range of tasks, from word processing and web browsing
to gaming and content creation.
• They are often used in homes, offices, and educational institutions.
 2. Workstations:
• Workstations are high-performance computers designed for specialized tasks like computer-aided
design (CAD), 3D modeling, and scientific simulations.
• They typically have powerful processors, substantial memory, and advanced graphics capabilities.
• Workstations are used in engineering, architecture, and scientific research.
Types of Computer…

 3. Servers:
• Servers are computers optimized for managing and storing data, providing services, and
supporting multiple client devices.
• They often operate 24/7 and are built for reliability and data security.
• Types of servers include web servers, file servers, email servers, and database servers.
 4. Mainframes:
• Mainframe computers are large, powerful machines capable of processing vast amounts of
data simultaneously.
• They are used by organizations with heavy data processing needs, such as banks, airlines,
and government agencies.
• Mainframes are known for their reliability, redundancy, and scalability.
Types of Computer…

 5. Supercomputers:
• Supercomputers are the most powerful and high-performance computers in existence.
• They
• Supercomputers are typically found in research institutions and government labs.
 6. Embedded Systems:
• Embedded systems are specialized computers integrated into other devices and equipment.
• They perform dedicated functions and are often hidden from the user.
• Examples include microcontrollers in appliances, automotive control systems, and
industrial machines.
Types of Computer…

 Smartphones and Tablets:

• Smartphones and tablets are mobile computing devices with touchscreen interfaces.
• They are used for a wide range of tasks, including communication, web browsing,
multimedia, and apps.
• They are highly portable and have become integral to modern life.
 8. IoT (Internet of Things) Devices:
• IoT devices are part of a network of interconnected objects and devices.
• They
• IoT devices collect and transmit data for automation and monitoring purposes.
Types of Computer…

 Quantum Computers (Emerging):

• Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics for advanced computation.
• They have the potential to solve complex problems much faster than classical computers.
• Quantum computing is still in the experimental stage but shows promise for various applications.
 10. Gaming Consoles:
• Gaming consoles are specialized computers designed for gaming.
• They offer high-quality graphics and processing power, catering to the gaming community.
• Examples include Xbox, PlayStation, and Nintendo consoles.
 These are the primary types of computers, each tailored to specific needs and applications. The
choice of computer type depends on the intended use, performance requirements, and budget
Input and Output Devices
Input and Output Devices

 Input and output devices are essential components of a computer system that enable
communication between the user and the computer. Here's a thorough explanation of these
devices with examples:
 Input Devices: Input devices are used to provide data and instructions to a computer.
They allow users to interact with the computer and input information or commands.
Common examples include:
 1. Keyboard: - A keyboard is the most common input device. - It allows users to input text
and commands by pressing keys. - Examples: Standard QWERTY keyboards, ergonomic
keyboards.
 2. Mouse:- A mouse is used to control the cursor on the screen. - It has buttons for clicking
and a scroll wheel for navigation. - Examples: Optical mice, wireless mice, gaming mice.
 3. Touchscreen: - Touchscreens allow users to interact directly with the computer's display.
- They are commonly found in smartphones, tablets, and some laptops.
 4. Stylus and Graphics Tablet: - A stylus and graphics tablet are often used for precise
drawing and design tasks. - They are common in graphic design and digital art. -
Examples: Wacom Intuos, Huion Kamvas.
 5. Barcode Scanner:- Barcode scanners are used to read barcodes on products for inventory
management and retail. - Examples: Laser barcode scanners, 2D imaging scanners.
 6. Microphone: - A microphone is an input device for capturing audio. - It is used for voice
recognition, recording, and communication. - Examples: USB microphones, headset
microphones.
 7. Webcam: - A webcam captures video and is commonly used for video conferencing and
live streaming. - Examples: Logitech C920, built-in laptop webcams.
 8. Scanner:- Scanners are used to convert physical documents, photos, or images into
digital formats. - Examples: Flatbed scanners, sheet-fed scanners.
 9. Joystick and Gamepad: - Joysticks and gamepads are input devices for gaming. - They
provide precise control in gaming applications. - Examples: Xbox controller, Logitech
joystick.
 Output Devices: Output devices provide information, results, and feedback from the
computer to the user. They present data in a form that can be easily interpreted. Common
examples include:
 1. Monitor (Display):- Monitors are the most common output devices for displaying text,
images, and videos. - Examples: LED monitors, OLED displays, curved gaming monitors.
 2. Printer: - Printers produce physical copies of digital documents and images. - Examples:
Inkjet printers, laser printers, 3D printers.
 3. Speakers: - Speakers output audio, allowing users to hear sound from the computer. -
Examples: External PC speakers, built-in laptop speakers, Bluetooth speakers.
 4. Headphones/Headsets: - Headphones provide private audio output. - Headsets combine
headphones and a microphone for communication. - Examples: Over-ear headphones,
gaming headsets, noise-canceling headphones.
 5. Projector: - Projectors display computer content on a larger screen or wall for
presentations and entertainment. - Examples: DLP projectors, LCD projectors.
 6. Plotters: - Plotters are used for high-precision drawing and printing of large-scale
technical drawings and graphics. - Examples: Pen plotters, drum plotters.
 7. E-book Readers: - E-book readers display digital books and documents. - Examples:
Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook.

 These input and output devices are crucial for human-computer interaction and enable
users to perform tasks, access information, and engage with digital content efficiently. The
choice of input and output devices depends on the specific needs and use cases of the
computer user.