Transformer

Basics
• It is a static device, transfers power without change in frequency.
• Constant Frequency device.
• Constant Power output device.
• Electromagnetic Energy Conversion Device
• Overall its not a energy transformation device.
• Electrically Isolated, magnetically coupled.
• Phase Shifting device.
• Singly Excited Device
Basics
• Constant Flux device.
• Negative Feedback device, as it satisfies lez’s law.
• 4 terminal two port network.
Working Principle
• Faraday’s law of Electromagentic Induction.
• Relative space or time variation, between magnetic field and set of
conductors, an emf will be induced.
Requirements to generate emf
• Magnetic Field
• Set of Conductors
• Relative Variation in space or time between magnetic field and set of
conductors
Relative Space variation
• Dynamically Induced emf,
• DC Generator, Synchronous Generator
• According to Flux cut rule, magnitude of dynamically induced emf is
BlVsinα
• Direction of dynamically induced emf is given by right hand thumb
rule.
• Forefinger, direction of flux,
• Thumb, direction of motion of conductor
• Middle finger, direction of induced emf.
Relative Time Variation
• Transformers.
• Faraday’s second law, magnitude of emf induced is equal to rate of
change of flux linkages.
• Let N number of Turns in a coil,
• MMF=Ni=Nimsinωt
• Flux=MMF/Reluctance (Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit)
• Flux (ϕ)=ϕmaxsinωt
• Nϕ=Flux linkages
• Es=(Nϕ)=-N
Types of Statically Induced emf.
• Self Induced emf
• Mutually Induced emf.
Self Induced emf:
This is the statically Induced emf in a coil due to time varying current
through the same coil.
Eself= -N
• Self Induced emf always opposes the change in current in the coil to
satisfy the lenz’s law, self induced emf always lag the flux or current
by 90 degree.
• Also, the current flowing through the coil opposes the change in
voltage source, so that the current lags behind voltage by 90 degree.
• So that self induced emf and applied voltage are displaced by 180
degree, and they opposes one another.
Mutually Induced emf
• Rate of change of flux linkages in a coil w.r.t time varying nature of
current through another coil which is magnetically coupled to first
coil.
• Em=-M
• Whenever current in a coil changes, flux linkages at any other coil also
changes, then the corresponding property is called mutual induction,
• Mutually induced emf also obeys lenzs law and is in phase with the
self induced emf.
Magnetic coupling
Material Used
• CRGO Steel