Transformer

Basics
• It is a static device, transfers power without change in frequency.
• Constant Frequency device.
• Constant Power output device.
• Electromagnetic Energy Conversion Device
• Overall its not a energy transformation device.
• Electrically Isolated, magnetically coupled.
• Phase Shifting device.
• Singly Excited Device
Basics
• Constant Flux device.
• Negative Feedback device, as it satisfies lez’s law.
• 4 terminal two port network.
Working Principle
• Faraday’s law of Electromagentic Induction.
• Relative space or time variation, between magnetic field and set of
conductors, an emf will be induced.
Requirements to generate emf
• Magnetic Field
• Set of Conductors
• Relative Variation in space or time between magnetic field and set of
conductors
Relative Space variation
• Dynamically Induced emf,
• DC Generator, Synchronous Generator
• According to Flux cut rule, magnitude of dynamically induced emf is
BlVsinα
• Direction of dynamically induced emf is given by right hand thumb
rule.
• Forefinger, direction of flux,
• Thumb, direction of motion of conductor
• Middle finger, direction of induced emf.
Relative Time Variation
• Transformers.
• Faraday’s second law, magnitude of emf induced is equal to rate of
change of flux linkages.
• Let N number of Turns in a coil,
• MMF=Ni=Nimsinωt
• Flux=MMF/Reluctance (Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit)
• Flux (ϕ)=ϕmaxsinωt
• Nϕ=Flux linkages
• Es=(Nϕ)=-N
Types of Statically Induced emf.
• Self Induced emf
• Mutually Induced emf.
Self Induced emf:
This is the statically Induced emf in a coil due to time varying current
through the same coil.
Eself= -N
• Self Induced emf always opposes the change in current in the coil to
satisfy the lenz’s law, self induced emf always lag the flux or current
by 90 degree.
• Also, the current flowing through the coil opposes the change in
voltage source, so that the current lags behind voltage by 90 degree.
• So that self induced emf and applied voltage are displaced by 180
degree, and they opposes one another.
Mutually Induced emf
• Rate of change of flux linkages in a coil w.r.t time varying nature of
current through another coil which is magnetically coupled to first
coil.
• Em=-M
• Whenever current in a coil changes, flux linkages at any other coil also
changes, then the corresponding property is called mutual induction,
• Mutually induced emf also obeys lenzs law and is in phase with the
self induced emf.
Magnetic coupling
Some Defining factors
• Stacking factor
• Magnetostriction
• Noise level is of double frequency
Cruciform Core
• Insulating material required will be less
• Amount of Cu required is less
• Weight and cost of Transformer is less
• Cruciform core has more utilization factor.
Core Type Vs Shell Types
Core Shell
2 yoke 2 limbs 3 limbs and 2 yokes
Core is surrounded by the winding Winding is surrounded by core
Leakage flux is more hence power transfer capacibility Leakage flux is less and power transfer capability is
is less more
Series maganetic ckt Parallel magnetic ckt
Cross sectional area of both the limbs are same Outer limbs cross sectional area is half of the middle
limb
More amount of Cu is required for wdg Less amount of Cu is required for wdg
Requires less amount of insulating material Requires more amount of insulating material
Economical for high voltage, small KVA rating Economical for Low Voltage Large KVA rating Trafs
Transformers
2. Conductors
• Made of Cu (Power Trf) or Al (DT)
• Stranded Conductors are used
• Skin Effect is proportional to square of dia of conductor
•
Placement of Wdg
• Interleaved and Concentric.
• Leakage Flux can be reduced
Advantages of Keeping LV wdg nearer
• Amount of Insulation required is less.
• Cu required reduced.
• Weight of the Trf reduces
• Leakage Flux reduces
• Provides Access for Tap Changing
Placement of Wdg in the Shell Type of Trf
• Symmetrical Wdg is considered
• Sandwich Type of Wdg
• Leakage Flux is reduced (Flux/4)
Ideal Trf
• Permeability of the core is infinity (Excitation Current is 0)
• Iron Losses is 0
• Resistance of wdg is 0
• Leakage flux is 0
• Magnetization Curve (BH) is linear.
Operation of Trf with finite permeability
• RMS value of Induced EMF is 4.44N1BmAnf
• E2/E1=N2/N1=K (Transformation Ratio)
• Turns Ratio=(N1/N2)=1/Transformation Ratio
Observation from the Emf Equation
• Vector Diagram
• v/f ratio constant
• Name plate indicates induced emf
• If voltage applied is constant and frequency decreases, core gets into
saturation
• Magnetization current increases
• For a given KVA rating with more designed frequency , the cross-
sectional area and the corresponding weight and size decreases.
Vector Diagram of a Trd under No Load
Condition
• It has Active and reactive component of current
• No load power factor of 0.2 to 0.25 lag
• By keeping constant voltage if frequency is reduced, then what
happens to power factor?
• No Load Power = V1I0cosϕ0
• No load power is approx. equal to iron loss.
• No load power loss is very small.
Equivalent Ckt of Trf under no load
Power Transfer Condition (Under Loaded
Condition)
• Nullifying load component of secondary flux.
• Load component of primary VA is same as load component of
secondary VA.
Vector Diagram of Lagging Power Factor
Vector Diagram for Leading Power Factor
Example
• A 100 KVA, 2400V/240V, 50 Hz Single Phase Trf has an exciting
current of 0.64A and core loss of 700W when its high voltage side is
energized at rated voltage and frequency. If Load current is 40A at 0.8
PF lagging on the LV side, then magnitude of primary current will be.
Effect of winding resistance on the operation
of the Trf
• IR drop and copper loss exists in the Trf.
Effect of winding resistance on the operation
of the Trf
• Total copper loss in Trf=Primary and secondary side cu loss.
Effect of winding resistance on the operation
of the Trf
• Condition for Transferring resistance from secondary to primary side
is copper loss should not be changed (Overall)
Effect of winding resistance on the operation
of the Trf
• Transfer resistance from primary to secondary side and secondary to
primary side.
Effect of winding resistance on the operation
of the Trf
• Total resistance of Trf w.r.t primary side and Total Cu loss.
R01=R02
Total CU loss remains same.
Pu resistance drop
• Per unit resistance drop = resistance drop in primary/Induced emf
(base voltage)=
• Per unit secondary resistance drop=
• Total pu resistance w.r.t primary side=
• Total pu resistance w.r.t secondary side=
• Total PU resistance drop w.r.t both sides or same.
• Pu resistance drop is simply called as pu resistance or percentage R.
Effect of Magnetic Leakage Flux on
operation of Trf
• Magnetic leakage flux is part of the load component of flux.
• More the magnetic leakage flux, lesser will be power transfer capability of
Trf.
• Leakage flux depends on load current and is independent on load voltage.
• Main flux depends on applied voltage and independent on load current.
• Leakage flux are always in phase with respective current in the windings.
• Emf induced because of the leakage flux lags behind the respective current
(or leakage flux) by exactly by 900.
Complete Vector Diagram
Pu reactance drop
• Per unit, Transformer leakage reactance remains same.
•
Exact Equivalent Ckt
Equivalent Ckt Referred to Primary
Approximate Equivalent Ckt
Deviations
• No Load Primary Drop is neglected.
• No load Primary Cu loss are neglected.
• Leakage flux at primary under no load condition is neglected.
• Iron losses are over estimated.
• Cu losses are under estimated.
• Exciting current, no load current and magnetizing current are more
than actual
Losses In Transformer
• Major Losses
• Minor Losses (Stray Load losses in cu parts, Iron parts)
• Minor Losses (In Insulating materials)
Cu Losses
• As load changes, these losses changes.
• Cu-losses at fraction x of load = x2 times full load cu losses.
• Pu full load cu loss=ful load cu loss in watt/VA rating of Transformer.
• % Full Load Cu losses of Trf=% Resistance of Trf=pu resistance of
Trf.
Iron Losses (Core Losses):
• Hysteresis Loss:
• Eddy current Losses
Hysteresis Loss:
• The power consumed by the magnetic domain to change their
orientation after every half cycle whenever core is subjected to
alternate nature of magnetizing force is called hysteresis loss.
• Hysteresis Loss per once cycle is area consumed in one hysteresis
loop.
• Hysteresis loss for given supply frequency = Area enclosed within one
hysteresis loop time f.
Cases:
Eddy Current Loss
• Because of Conductivity of the core.
Cases:
Cu Stray Load Losses:
Iron Stray Load Losses
Main Iron Part:
Auxiliary Iron Part:
Dielectric Losses:
• Due to conversion of Atoms into electric dipoles, displacement of
charges and the current exists.
• Polarization,
• Tan(delta) test:
Example
• A Traf has hystsersis loss of 30W at 240V, 60Hz supply. The
hysteresis loss at 200V, 50 Hz supply is.
• A Trf has Iron Loss of 90 watts at 60 Hz supply, and 52 watts at 40 Hz
supply. Both losses being measured at same peak flux density. The
total iron loss in the Trf at 50 Hz supply will be.
Tests
• Polarity Test:
OC Test:
SC Test
Example
• A 10 KVA 1000V/200V, 50 Hz, Single Phase Trf has HV and LV side
winding resistance as 1.1Ω and 0.05Ω respectively. The leakage
reactance of HV and LV sides are respectively 5.2Ω and 0.15Ω
respectively.
• Calculate 1) The voltage to be applied to the HV side in order to
circulate rated current with the LV short circuited, 2) The Power
Factor.
Performance Indices
• Efficiency
• Voltage Regulation
Efficiency
Condition for maximum Eff
Power Trf Vs Distribution Trf
Example
• A 20 KVA Single Phase Trf has Efficiency of 98% at Full Load and
also at half full load. The power factor is unity in both the cases. The
efficiency of Trf at 3/4th of full load at UPF is?
Example
• The percentage resistance and reactance of 1 KVA, 400/200V, single
phase Trf are 2% and 6% respectively. If the constant losses in the Trf
are 1%, the max possible efficiency of the Trf is?. Assume UPF.
Voltage Regulation
Vector Diagram (Lag and Lead)
Condition for Maximum Voltage regulation
Value of Max Voltage Regulation
Condition for Zero Voltage regulation
Vector Diagram
Regulation Curve
Example
• A 10 KVA , 400V/200V, single phase Trf with % Resistance of 3% and
% Reactance of 6% delivers 25A to a resistive load, the load side
voltage of the Trf is
Example
• A Trf is supplied at 600V with a terminal voltage on secondary side of
230V at FL 0.8 pf lag. If the equivalent resistance and drops are 1%
and 5% respectively. Then the turns ratio of the Trf is.
Effects of Non Linearities in the Trf core on
the operation of the Trf
• There are two types of Non-Linearities.
• Hysteresis Non Linearity and Saturation Non-Linearity
Condition to Generate Sinusoidal Emf
How to Generate Sinusoidal Emf:
• Delta Connected Three Phase System
• Star Source or Star Neutral is grounded.
• Tertiary winding.
Switching Transients
Doubling Effect
Inrush Current
Three Phase Transformers
Vector Group
Parallel Operation
Problem
• A 1000 KVA, 11kV/440V Star-Star Connected Trf is reconnected as
delta-star, the rating of the newly connected Trf is?
Different Configurations (Three Phase)
Special Type of Trf
Example
• Three Single Phase Trf, connected in ∆- ∆, supply a balanced load of
1500 KW at 4400V at 0.8 pf lagging. The Trfs are supplied from 3
phase mains at 11000V. Find the currents in the winding of each of the
Trf. If one of the trf is found faulty and the other two are connected in
open delta, determine the currents in the windings of each of the Trf
and its power factor.
Application of Trf
• Measurement
• Auto Transformer
• Isolation
• Power Transmission and Distribution
• Maximum Power Transformer.