Nanotechnology

Overview

Intro to Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology Overview
• What is nanotechnology
• Scale and size
• Emergence of properties
• Nanotechnology examples and tools
• Driving forces behind nanotechnology
• Closing thoughts
• Intel Accelerated: Introducing New
RibbonFET and PowerVia Technologies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6Y41zdO3Pc&t=21s
Numerous Nano Definitions
• The study, design, creation, synthesis,
manipulation, and application of functional
materials, devices, and systems through
control of matter and energy at the
nanometer scale.
• The study, creation, or manipulation of devices
with atomic or molecular scale precision.
• Exploitation of novel phenomena, including the
properties of matter, energy, and information
at the molecular, atomic, and sub atomic levels.
RDC
 Scale and Dimension
Small things
Short times
Small numbers
Low probabilities

• Quantum mechanics come into play

– Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Things happen differently at nanoscale
RDC
 Nanotechnology Overview
• What is nanotechnology
• Scale and size
• Emergence of properties
• Nanotechnology examples and tools
• Driving forces behind nanotechnology
• Closing thoughts
 ‘Nano’
“Nano” = one BILLIONTH
1 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter
= length 10 hydrogen atoms
Diameter of human hair ~50,000 nm
The smallest visible length to the human eye
is 10,000 nm across

Source: Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea by Ratner

Orders of Scale
Tera – trillion, 10e12
Giga – billion, 10e9
Mega – million, 10 e6
Kilo – thousand, 10 e3
Macro – referring to big or visible
Milli – 10 e-3
Micro – referring to small, also 10 e-
6

Nano – 10 e-9
Angstro – 10 e-10
Pico – 10 e-12
Femto – 10 e-15
Nanotechnology
Understanding Size

How big (small) are we

talking about?

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 1 centimeter

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 100 micrometers

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 10 micrometers

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 1 micrometer

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 100 nanometers

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 10 nanometers

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Understanding Size
• 1 nanometer

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

 Nanotechnology Overview

• What is nanotechnology
• Scale and size
• Emergence of properties
• Nanotechnology examples and tools
• Driving forces behind nanotechnology
• Closing thoughts
 Properties at Scale
“At the nanoscale, the most fundamental properties of
materials and machines depend on their size in a
way they don’t at any other scale”
--Mark Ratner, Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea

Example:
As components of electronics
approach the nanoscale, they no
longer obey Ohms Law!
 Understanding Effects
Centimeter: Gravity, friction, combustion

Millimeter: Gravity, friction, combustion, electrostatic

Micrometer: Electrostatic, van der Walls, Brownian

Nanometer: Electrostatic, van der Walls, Brownian, Quantum

Angstrom: Quantum mechanics

(1/10,000,000,000 meter)

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

 Nanotechnology Overview
• What is nanotechnology
• Scale and size
• Emergence of properties
• Nanotechnology examples and tools
• Driving forces behind nanotechnology
• Closing thoughts
 Examples and Tools
• Nanoparticles • Surface
• Nanocomposites characterization tools
• Self Assembled • Atomic Force
Structures Microscope
• MEMS and Sensors • Nanofabrication tools
• Material Coatings – electron beams
– thin film depositions
• Carbon Nanotubes
– lithography tools
• Nanoelectronics
• Scanning Electron
Microscope
Nanoparticles

• Sun screen
• Catalysts
(automotive)
• Corrosion
resistance
• Solar
conversion
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Nanocomposites
Types
plastics
foams
aerogels
powders
membranes
coatings
films
catalysts T/J Technologies, Inc.

semiconductors
magnets
etc.
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
 Self Assembly

Crystals
Proteins
Viruses
Fractals
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Self-assembly is a process
• Nature has harnessed it
• Nanotechnology will harness it
RDC
Drug Delivery

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Carbon Nanotube Structures
Nanotubes / Nanohorns

The electrical properties of nanotubes / nanohorns can change,

depending on their molecular structure. The "armchair" type has
the characteristics of a metal; the "zigzag" type has properties that
change depending on the tube diameter—a third have the
characteristics of a metal and the rest those of a semiconductor;
the "spiral" type has the characteristics of a semiconductor.
 Nanotube Properties

http://nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htm
Graphene Nanostructure

Extended sp2 hybridized carbon and p-p* network

Graphene Building Blocks
Coronene Ring System
 Nanospheres
• Nanospheres are a novel form of carbon
prepared from acetylene, or annealing of
other forms of ‘precursor’ carbon
• These materials can be ‘blended’ as
composites with mechanical properties
• Process tools include CVD/furnace
• Characterization tools include Raman
 Maximize sp2 bonds / graphitic nano-onion
 Self Assembly
• Under specific
conditions, some
materials can
spontaneously
assemble into
organized
structures. This
process provides a
useful means for
manipulating matter http://nimet.ufl.edu/nanomed.asp

at the nanoscale.
 Nanometal Structures

Nanotechnology.blogspot.com http://www.plasmachem.com/nanometals.html
Thin Film Solar on Kapton®
 Thin Film Engineering

Left image: Predicted efficiency versus bandgap for thin-film photovoltaic materials
for solar spectra in space (AM0) and on the surface of the Earth (AM1.5) at 300 K.
Right image: Decomposition of single-source precursor to produce CuInS 2
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/RT1999/5000/5410hepp.html
 Implantable Sensors

CardioMEMS microchip
that could be implanted in
the body to transmit
information about blood
flow and pressure
wirelessly.

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

 Sensory Aids
Retina Implants

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

 Tools and Instruments

• Modeling tools
• Process tools
• Characterization
measurement tools
• Fabrication tools

Brooklyn College has a multimode AFM manufactures by di-instrument, Inc (Veeco Instrument.). The Digital Instruments
Multimode is the highest resolution, commercially available scanning probe microscope (SPM). It is designed for atomic-scale
resolution imaging of material surfaces. It can be used for different materials of interest such as metals, insulators, ceramics,
polymers, and biological samples. Sample preparation is minimal; however, sample size is limited to approximately 1 square
centimeter and samples must be low profile. http://userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/mlnakarmi/facility/AFM.html
 Atomic Force Microscopy
• Uses a sharp probe to
magnify surface features
• extremely high
magnifications, up to
1,000,000X
• 3D images
• Also used to modify
surfaces
– Lithography (creating The light lever sensor uses a laser beam to
monitor the deflection of the cantilever. When
features) the cantilever moves up and down, the light
– Storage devices beam moves across the surface of the photo-
detector.

Courtesy of Pacific Nanotechnology

http://www.pacificnano.com/
 AFM Images

AFM lithography,10x10um 10x10um Steel, polishing marks

Courtesy of Pacific Nanotechnology

http://www.pacificnano.com/
 Modeling Tools
What is Nanostructure Modeling?
Nanostructure modeling is the computation of the
positions and orbitals of atoms in arbitrary
nanostructures.

Why is Nanostructure Modeling Important?

Accurate atomic-scale quantum theory of nanostructures
and nanosystems fabricated from nanostructures
enables precision metrology of these nanosystems and
provides the predictive, precision modeling tools needed
for engineering these systems for applications including
advanced semiconductor lasers and detectors, single
photon sources and detectors, biosensors, and
nanoarchitectures for quantum coherent technologies
such as quantum computing. The tight-binding model
based upon the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals
(LCAO) method provides an accurate atomistic theory
for nanostructures.

Why Visualize Nanostructures?

The visualizations are studied interactively in the NIST
immersive environment. This provides a detailed view of
the structures and the atomic scale variation of the
calculated nanostructure properties.

http://math.nist.gov/mcsd/savg/vis/nano/index.html
NanoViz Modeling Tool
Technology and
Society

Nanosafety – assemblers – warfare.

Foresight Institute’s grand challenge
problems:

1.Energy
2.Food
3.Water
4.Computation
5.Nanomedicine

What are the safeguards for

nanotechnology, and who is
watching / oversight to prevent
unsafe testing, manufacturing, and/or
use of nanomaterials?
 Nanotechnology Overview
• What is nanotechnology
• Scale and size
• Emergence of properties
• Nanotechnology examples and tools
• Driving forces behind nanotechnology
• Closing thoughts
 Why Nanotechnology?

And why now?

 Nanotech is not new…
Petroleum Catalysts
DNA/Genomics
Stained glass in Victorian churches
Mayan blue pottery glaze
Examples in nature

The advancements and the pace at

which we have been making them are new
 Richard Feynman’s Predictions
There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom - December 29th 1959
– Manipulating and controlling things on a small scale
– Write the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin
• How do we write small?
• Information on a small scale
• Better electron microscopes
– The marvelous biological system
– Miniaturizing the computer
– Miniaturization by evaporation
– Problems of lubrication
– A hundred tiny hands
– Rearranging the atoms
– Atoms in a small world

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

""" It is my intention to offer a prize of $1,000 to the first guy who can take the
information on the page of a book, and put it on an area 1/25,000 smaller in linear
scale, in such manner that it can be read by an electron microscope. "

"""" - Richard P. Feynman, in a talk given December 29th 1959, to a meeting of the
American Physical Society at Caltech

The Pease group at Stanford won the prize in 1985 for writing a page of text in a 6
micron square.
Multi, Inter, and Uni-disciplinary
Nanotechnology draws on information from many
disciplines and integrates them to form unique
solutions with broad applications in multiple market
segments

Chemists care about Material Engineers

molecules Chemical Engineers
Mechanical Engineers
Physicists care about Electrical Engineers
properties of matter Bio Engineers
Civil Engineers
Biologists care about
nature’s ability to use Care about how the
nanoscale mechanisms
properties can be harnessed
for a useful application
 $$$$
And of course…

Investors care about

nanotechnology because
they want to profit from
it!
 Industry Landscape
Within the next 10 to 15 years…
• The National Science Foundation projects that
the nanotechnology industry will grow into a $1
trillion business
• The National Nanotech Initiative projects
annual production yield of about $300 billion
just for the semiconductor industry segment of
nanotechnology
- Small Times, “Nanotechnology Funding Coup a
Boost for the Semiconductor Industry,” June 13, 2003
 Foresight Institutes - Challenges

1. Meeting global energy needs with clean solutions

2. Providing Abundant Clean Water Globally

3. Increasing Health and Longevity of Human Life

4. Maximizing Productivity of Agriculture

5. Powerful Information Technology Available Everywhere

6. Enabling the Development of Space

 Fuel Cells
2010 global market estimated at $100 billion

•Automotive

•Power Grid

•Battery Replacement
Copyright 1996-2002 by Batteries Digest

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

 Power & Energy
Creation - Solar

5-28% efficiency 80% efficiency

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Chlorophyll Voltaic Cell

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

 Implantable Materials - Coatings
For: Catheters, heart valves, artificial hips
Implants confuse the cells responsible for tissue regeneration and
causes the body to react as if it had encountered foreign
material.
The body's natural response to foreign material is to wall it off with
scar-like tissue. This reaction can disrupt device performance.

Nanocoatings in the
exact shape of
specific proteins can
protect devices from
such disruptions.
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
 Nanotechnology Overview
• What is nanotechnology
• Scale and size
• Emergence of properties
• Nanotechnology examples and tools
• Driving forces behind nanotechnology
• Closing thoughts
 Who, what, why, and how to
learn about Nanotech

We’ve covered a little about

What nanotechnology is
Who cares about it
Why it is important
When it got started

But how should we approach this?

 Jack or Jill of all Trades
• Breadth of knowledge is critical to success in the
nanotechnology industry.
• This class will attempt to give you basic
exposure you to the breadth of fields important
to nanotechnology.
– Understand implications
– Evaluate business opportunities
– Distinguish what is feasible and what is not
– Be able to explain the nanoscale paradigm in terms of
properties at the nanoscale dimension.
– Apply key concepts in chemistry, physics, biology,
and engineering to the field of nanotechnology.
– Ability to search and read current nanotechnology
literature applied to a particular problem domain.
Nobody knows everything!!
• True value to an employer comes with a breadth of
exposure yet a depth of knowledge in a science,
technology, application, and/or market segment.

• Hopefully, after having this class you will be able to

identify areas of interest that you personally would like to
gain more depth.

• Yet, it is imperative that you have the tools to be able to

collaborate with others who have depth in a field to
which you only have a surface exposure.
– Communication skills
– Vocabulary/terminology
– A basic knowledge of the foundation subjects
Nanotechnology is not New!
Gold nanoparticles in glass are reflected as red

Ancient stained-glass makers knew if they put finely ground gold or silver
in the glass they would get beautiful colors. They used nanosized gold and
silver particles. Optical properties change with the nanoscale.
 NATURE - Gecko Power

Gecko foot hairs typically have diameters

of 200 – 500 nm. Weak chemical interaction
between each hair and surface (each foot
has over 1 million of these hairs) provides a
force of10 N/cm2.

This allows Gecko’s to walk upside down

across glass ceilings.
What are some applications
of Nanotechnology?
 Nano Careers
• Design Public Service
• Development Fabrication
• National security Patent Attorney
• Technical support Environment
• Research Sales
• Management Teaching
• Packaging Testing
• Energy producer Construction
• Clothing design And Many More
 Summary
• Nanotech is the world of the small
• Engineering the world of the atom
• Many new and exciting materials
• Novel structure property relationships
• Tools to fabricate / characterize materials

There’s plenty of room at the bottom!

 References

• Glen Fishbine
• Nanowiki
• Azonano - nanotechnology
• Nanopatents
• SRI-NCLT-Northwestern
• Intel
https://youtu.be/2voX3fjMGjA
Nanoelectronics