LTPC

3003

UME2202
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
OBJECTIVES:
• To develop capacity to predict the effect of force and motion in the course of
carrying out the design functions of engineering.

OUTCOMES:
 CO1: Illustrate the vectoral and scalar representation of forces and
moments (BL: L3)
 CO2: Analyze the rigid body in equilibrium (BL: L3)
 CO3: Evaluate the properties of surfaces and solids (BL: L3)
 CO4: Calculate dynamic forces exerted in rigid body (BL: L3)
 CO5: Determine the friction and the effects by the laws of friction (BL: L3)
 UNIT I 9 UNIT II
STATICS OF PARTICLES
Introduction – Units and Dimensions –
Laws of Mechanics – Lami’s theorem,
Parallelogram and triangular Law of
forces – Vectorial representation of
forces – Vector operations of forces -
additions, subtraction, dot product,
cross product – Coplanar Forces –
rectangular components – Equilibrium
of a particle – Forces in space –
Equilibrium of a particle in space –
Equivalent systems of forces – Principle
of transmissibility
9
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID
BODIES
Free body diagram – Types of
supports –Action and reaction forces
–stable equilibrium – Moments and
Couples – Moment of a force about a
point and about an axis – Vectorial
representation of moments and
couples – Scalar components of a
moment – Varignon’s theorem –
Single equivalent force - Equilibrium
of Rigid bodies in two dimensions –
Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three
dimensions
 UNIT III 9
UNIT IV 9
PROPERTIES OF
SURFACES AND SOLIDS DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES

Centroids and centre of mass– Centroids of

lines and areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular
areas by integration – T section, I section, - Displacements, Velocity and acceleration,
Angle section, Hollow section by using standard their relationship – Relative motion –
formula –Theorems of Pappus - Area moments Curvilinear motion - Newton’s laws of
of inertia of plane areas – Rectangular, circular, motion – Work Energy Equation– Impulse
triangular areas by integration – T section, I and Momentum – Impact of elastic bodies.
section, Angle section, Hollow section by using
standard formula – Parallel axis theorem and
perpendicular axis theorem –Principal
moments of inertia of plane areas – Principal
axes of inertia-Mass moment of inertia –mass
moment of inertia for prismatic, cylindrical and
spherical solids from first principle – Relation to
area moments of inertia.
 UNIT V 9
FRICTION AND RIGID BODY DYNAMICS
Friction force – Laws of sliding friction – equilibrium analysis of simple systems with sliding friction
–wedge friction- Rolling resistance -Translation and Rotation of Rigid Bodies – Velocity and
acceleration – General Plane motion of simple rigid bodies such as cylinder, disc/wheel and sphere.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Beer, F.P and Johnston Jr. E.R., “Vector Mechanics for Engineers (In SI Units): Statics and
Dynamics”, 8th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company, New Delhi (2004).
2. Vela Murali, “Engineering Mechanics”, Oxford University Press (2010)

REFERENCES:
1. Bhavikatti, S.S and Rajashekarappa, K.G., “Engineering Mechanics”, New Age International (P)
Limited Publishers, 1998.
2. Hibbeller, R.C and Ashok Gupta, “Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics”, 11th Edition,
Pearson Education 2010.
3. Irving H. Shames and Krishna Mohana Rao. G., “Engineering Mechanics – Statics and Dynamics”,
4th Edition, Pearson Education 2006.
4. Meriam J.L. and Kraige L.G., “ Engineering Mechanics- Statics - Volume 1, Dynamics- Volume 2”,
Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons,1993.
5. Rajasekaran S and Sankarasubramanian G., “Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics”, 3rd
Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2005.
 UNIT I 9
STATICS OF PARTICLES

Introduction – Units and Dimensions – Laws of Mechanics – Lami’s theorem,

Parallelogram and triangular Law of forces – Vectorial representation of forces
– Vector operations of forces - additions, subtraction, dot product, cross
product – Coplanar Forces – rectangular components – Equilibrium of a particle
– Forces in space – Equilibrium of a particle in space – Equivalent systems of
forces – Principle of transmissibility

AT THE END OF THE CHAPTER YOU WOULD HAVE LEARNT

• Fundamentals of mechanics: History, Units, Laws & Vector operations

• Classify forces & resolve concurrent, coplanar forces: equilibrium of a
particle and application to different engineering problems (statics of
particle, forces in a plane)
• Solve for resultant of concurrent, non-coplanar forces (statics of
particle, forces in space)
 WHAT IS MECHANICS?
• Mechanics is the science which describes and predicts the conditions of
rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces.
• Mechanics :
- Rigid-body Mechanics
- Deformable-body Mechanics
- Fluid Mechanics
• Rigid-body Mechanics :
- Statics
- Dynamics
• Mechanics is an applied science - it is not an abstract or pure science but
does not have the empiricism found in other engineering sciences.

• Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering sciences and is an

indispensable prerequisite to their study.
 Mechanics: A branch of physical
science which deals with (the
states of rest or motion of)
Mechanics
bodies under action of forces

Statics:
Equilibrium of bodies
Statics (no accelerated
motion) under action
-Equilibrium Dynamics of Forces
-Selected Topics

Dynamics: Motion of bodies

Kinematics Kinetics

-Particles -Particles
-Rigid Bodies - Rigid Bodies
 Basic Concepts

Mechanics

Statics
Structures
Dynamics
Automotives
Mech of Materials
Robotics
Fluid Mechanics Mechanics
Spacecrafts
Vibration
MEMs
Fracture Mechanics
Etc.
Etc.
 HISTORY
• Archimedes (287-212 BC) developed the concept of buoyancy
forces; Principles of Lever and Buoyancy
• Kepler (1571-1630) established the fundamentals of astronomy
for planetary motion; named after him
• Newton (1642-1727) established laws of mechanics applicable to
solids; named after him
– Mechanics developed by him is called Newtonian mechanics
• Bernoulli (1667-1748) developed principle of virtual work,
applied in fluid mechanics as Bernoulli’s equation for total energy
at any point in a fluid flow
• D’Alembert (1717-1783) established a very important principle
for a dynamic system to be brought to equilibrium
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
• Space - associated with the notion of the position of a point P given in
terms of three coordinates measured from a reference point or origin.
• Time - definition of an event requires specification of the time and position at which it
occurred.

• Mass - used to characterize and compare bodies, e.g., response to earth’s gravitational
attraction and resistance to changes in translational motion.

• Force - represents the action of one body on another. A force is characterized by its
point of application, magnitude, and direction, i.e., a force is a vector quantity.

In Newtonian Mechanics, space, time, and mass are absolute concepts,

independent of each other. Force, however, is not independent of the other
three. The force acting on a body is related to the mass of the body and the
variation of its velocity with time.
 FORCE
Vector quantity that describes an action of one body
on another [Statics]
• In dynamics, force is an action that tends to
cause acceleration of an object.

• The SI unit of force magnitude is the newton

(N). One newton is equivalent to one kilogram-
meter per second squared (kg·m/s2 or kg·m·s – 2)

Force can also occur between bodies that are

physically separated (Ex: gravitational,
electrical, and magnetic forces)
 DEFINITIONS
Particle: Body of negligible dimensions

Rigid body: Body with negligible deformations

Non-rigid body: Body which can deform

Before considering whether

the body can be assumed
rigid-body or not, you need to
estimate the relevant force
first.

In Statics, bodies are considered rigid unless stated otherwise.

 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Basic Quantities
• Length, Mass, Time, Force
Units of Measurement
• m, kg, s, N… (SI, Int. System of Units)
- Dimensional Homogeneity
- Significant Figures
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
• International System of Units (SI):
The basic units are length, time, and mass
which are arbitrarily defined as the meter
• Kinetic Units: length, time, mass, and (m), second (s), and kilogram (kg). Force is
the derived unit,
force.
F  ma
• Three of the kinetic units, referred to as  m
basic units, may be defined arbitrarily.  
1 N  1 kg 1 2 
The fourth unit, referred to as a derived  s 
unit, must have a definition compatible • U.S. Customary Units:
with Newton’s 2nd Law, The basic units are length, time, and force
which are arbitrarily defined as the foot
(ft), second (s), and pound (lb). Mass is
  the derived unit,
F  ma
F
m
a
1 lb
1slug 
1 ft s
 Units of Measurement
•Summary of the four fundamental quantities in
the two system
US Units SI Units
Quantity
Symbol Unit Symbol Unit

- slug kg kilogram Mass

ft foot m meter Length

sec second s second Time

lb pound N newton Force

 Units of Measurement
• Metric System (SI)
– SI System offers major advantages relative to the FPS system
• Widely used throughout the world
• Use one basic unit for length  meter; while FPS uses many basic units  inch, foot,
yard, mile
• SI based on multiples of 10, which makes it easier to use & learn whereas FPS is
complicated, for example
– SI system 1 meter = 100 centimeters, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters, etc
– FPS system 1 foot = 12 inches, 1 yard = 3 feet, 1 mile = 5280 feet, etc

• Metric System (SI)

– Newton’s second law F = m.a
• Thus the force (N) = mass (kg)  acceleration (m/s2)
– Therefore 1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kg an
acceleration of 1 m/s2
 Units of Measurement
• U.S. Customary System (FPS)
– Force (lb) = mass (slugs)  acceleration (ft/sec2 )
• Thus (slugs) = lb.sec2/ft
– Therefore 1 slug is the mass which is given an acceleration of 1 ft/sec2
when acted upon by a force of 1 lb
• Conversion of Units
– Converting from one system of unit to another;
• The standard value of g (gravitational acceleration)
– SI units g = 9.806 m/s2
– FPS units g = 32.174 ft/sec2

SI Equals FPS Quantity

4.448 N 1 lb Force
14.593 kg 1 slug Mass
0.304 m 1 ft Length
 SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars: associated with “Magnitude” alone

- mass, density, volume, time, energy, … free vector

(“math” vector)
Vectors: associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction”

- force, displacement, velocity, acceleration, …

Magnitude: Vector :
 
| V | or V V or V
 : Direction
 Physical Quantity of Vector
Vectors representing physical quantities can be classified
• Fixed Vector
– Its action is associated with a unique point of application

– Described by magnitude, direction & pt of application

• Sliding Vector
– Has a unique line of action in space but not a unique

point of application
– Described by magnitude, direction & line of action

• Free Vector
– Its action is not confined or associated with a unique line

in space.
– Described by magnitude & direction
 Vector’s Point of Application

Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction” “Point of Application”

 External

F effect
  The external
 F F consequence
Internal
Effect –
F ? of these two
stress
= forces will be
the same if ….
- Rigid Body

Fixed Vector Free Vector Sliding Vector

E.g.) Force on rotating motion, couple E.g.) Force on

rotation rigid-body
non- rigid body vector
F Principle of
Rigid Body
Transmissibility
F
F
Rotational motion occurs at
point of action every point in the object. line of action
ADDITION OF VECTORS SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS BY SCALARS

The Principle of Transmissibility

 
F F If we concerns only about the
? external resultant effects on rigid body.
=
The two force can be
We can slide the force along its line
considered equivalent if
of action.
…… (force can be considered as sliding vector)

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action

without altering the resultant effects external to the rigid body
on which it acts.”
THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW

The two vectors V1 and V2, treated as free vectors, can be replaced by their equivalent V,
which is the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by V1 and V2 as its two sides.

  
 V2 V 
V2 V
 V2

 V1 V1
V1 
V  V1  V2 (generally V  V1  V2 )

Note: If they are not free vectors, you can sum them if and only if they have
the same point of the application.
 Scalar & Vector
Manipulation
Vector: magnitude & direction, components
– Scalar multiplication

aA
– Addition, subtraction 
– Dot product
A  B, A  B

– Cross product AB
– Mixed triple product

AB
 
A  (B  C )

Mathematical Meanings
vs
Physical Meanings

29
SCALAR & VECTOR PRODUCT
VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF FORCE
VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF MOMENT
 QUIZ 1
• 1a. Differentiate bet particle and rigid body.
• 1b. What are the assumptions made for a
body to be considered as rigid?
• 2a. Newton’s first law.
• 2b. Newton’s law of gravitation.
• 3a. What is kinetics?
• 3b. What is dimensional homogeneity?
 CONCEPTUALIZATION
• Continuum: The method of description of a body with its dimension or
position with respect to certain coordinate system and time
• Rigid body mechanics: deformation due to external forces is negligible as
compared to dimension/shape=> rigid body
– Static condition: system of forces and moments and its support reaction keeps
body in equilibrium
– Dynamic condition: system of ext forces and moments with its inertia forces and
inertia moments keeps body in equilibrium
– A system of non-concurrent forces, maybe coplanar or non-coplanar forces is
discussed
• Particle mechanics: Body idealized as particle when mass is concentrated at
its centroid
– Lines of action of system of forces including support reaction pass through centroid
– Forces have force effect and no moment effect
– A system of concurrent forces, maybe coplanar or non-coplanar forces is discussed
Particle
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
• Newton’s First Law: If the resultant force on a
particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest or
continue to move in a straight line.

• Newton’s Second Law: A particle will have an

acceleration proportional to a nonzero resultant
applied force.
• Parallelogram Law  
F  ma
• Newton’s Third Law: The forces of action and
reaction between two particles have the same
magnitude and line of action with opposite sense.

• Newton’s Law of Gravitation: Two particles are

attracted with equal and opposite forces,
• Principle of Transmissibility Mm GM
F G W  mg , g 
r2 R2
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)

The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws of
motion.

First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends
to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction,
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.


F  0
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of
forces acting on it, and is in the direction of this vector sum.

 
m a
F

 
F  ma
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and
collinear. Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
opposite action-reaction force pairs.

   
F F F F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

M GMm
F 2
r
F r
m
- M & m are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2
- r is the distance between the particles.

For Gravity on earth (at sea level)

m
  W=mg
W  mg
where M
- m is the mass of the body in question
- g = GM/R2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
Summation of Force

 concurrent forces 
F2 F1  F2

F1

non-concurrent
 if there are sliding vectors
F2
 
F2 F1  F2
 
F1 F1
 SOLUTION METHODS
• Problem Statement:
Includes given data, specification of what
is to be determined, and a figure
showing all quantities involved.
• Free-Body Diagrams:
Create separate diagrams for each of the
bodies involved with a clear indication of
all forces acting on each body.
• Fundamental Principles:
The six fundamental principles are
applied to express the conditions of rest
or motion of each body. The rules of
algebra are applied to solve the
equations for the unknown quantities.
• Solution Check:
- Test for errors in reasoning by
verifying that the units of the
computed results are correct,
- test for errors in computation
by substituting given data and
computed results into
previously unused equations based on
the six principles
- always apply experience and
physical intuition to assess whether
results seem “reasonable”.