FARM ANIMAL MEDICINE

LIVE STOCK DISEASE

Importance of livestock
 As food elements such as milk, meat, eggs etc
 To generate cash for owners following sell of animal & animal
products
 To get dung to use as source of fertilizer & fuel for fire.
 To generate draught power
 To fulfill cultural obligations such as paying dowry
 To serve as bank

 To top of these, livestock contribute 16% of GDP and 14% of

the Ethiopia foreign exchange earnings through export.
CONSTRAINTS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY IN ETHIOPIA

 Inadequate feeds and water (quality & quantity)

 Inadequate management.

 prevalent of livestock diseases and poor veterinary

service.
 Low genetic potential with respect to productivity.
GENERAL IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK DISEASE IN
ETHIOPIA

 Loss of productivity through reduced feed intake & re-

duced efficiency of feed utilization.
 Loss livestock through mortality of breeding and produc-
tive animals
 Treatment and professional service cost

 Reduce/lack of draught power, thereby influence crop

production
 Public health hazards (zoonotic diseases)
 CONT.,,,
 Those elicits that livestock diseases cause larger
economic and health importance.
 Thus, economic effective prevention & control

measures should to be implemented in livestock production so as to

minimize their impacts.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL DISEASES & SOME
TERMINOLOGIES

 According to Clinical manifestation

 Acute disease: Such type of disease is characterized by a sud-
den onset & comparatively short courses with sever manifes-
tation and illness may prevail for 3-14 days.
 E.g. FMD, anthrax
 Per-acute disease: duration of disease is shorter than acute dis-
ease illness lasts for few hours to 48 hrs.
 eg. Per-acute form of anthrax
 CONT.,,,
 Sub-acute disease: Diseases whose onset & severity is lesser
than acute one.
 Usually it has a course of 2-4 weeks
 Eg. Sub-acute mastitis
 Chronic disease: Diseases, which has got a protracted course ill-
ness which lasts 1 or two months or even more.
 Eg. Tuberculosis, paratubercullosis
 Carrier: it means a form of interrelation ship between the micro
organism & the animal body without manifesting an ob-
vious disease.
CONT.,,
 Routes of disease transmission
 The main routes of disease transmission are:

1) Ingestion: Ingestion of feed & water contaminated with the

discharged organism from infected animal Eg. FMD, An-
thrax, Blackleg
2) Inhalation: inhalation of infectious organism that has been
discharged into air by infected animal.
Eg. CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle disease
3) Infection through skin usually by contamination of cuts,
abrasions, etc.
Eg. Rabies
 CONT.,,,
4) Infection from fomites: fomites are any objects (inani-
mate) which can convey infectious organisms.
Eg. Sheep & goat pox, FMD
5) Venereal & congenital infection by coitus/ mating.
Eg. Trichomoniasis, Dourine, Brucellosis
6) Arthropod borne diseases: -
Biting arthropods spreads many important infectious diseases
from animal to animal.
Eg. Trypanosomosis, Rift valley fever, Lumpy
skin disease
TERMINOLOGIES
 Infection: invasion of living organism (host) by another
organism (agents) such as virus bacterium, fungi etc.
 Contagious disease: transmitted by direct contact or indirect
contact in which the infectious organism can survive outside
of the animal & be picked up from the environment.
 Eg. lice & mite,ringworm.

 Diagnosis: is an art of determination of the cause of disease.

 Etiology: refers to study of cause of disease

 Symptom: out ward manifestation of the disease that can be

recognized the layman.
CONT.,,,,
 Clinical sign: Outward manifestation that can be recognized
by the professional only.
 Lesion: is the structural change observed in organ or part of it.

 Prognosis: it is the forecast of the probable outcome (course

& termination) of the disease process.
 Treatment: Management & care of a patient or combat-
ing of diseases or disorders.
Use of medicine to try to cure/make better
 PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT /THERAPEUTIC
MEASURE

 Treatment depends on general care & nursing which are very

important for rapid recovery of diseased animal.
 Treatment may be classified as:

 General treatment

 Include measures to be taken to combat certain compli-

cations during the course of disease & to resuscitate
the vitality of the animal.
 It includes:

Fluid and electrolyte therapy- for dehydration

eg. Dextrose with NaCl
Dietetic treatment: Therapeutic nutrition
CONT,….
 Specific treatment
 Means administration of specific curative drug against certain
diseases.
 Only possible when the specific etiology of disease is diag-
nosed.
eg. - Ca-therapy for milk fever
- Specific antihelmintics for helminthiasis
- Antibacterial for bacterial infection
CONT.,,,,
 Control: is the reduction of mortality & morbidity from
disease by interfering with the unrestricted occurrence of
the disease whatever its cause.
 Control can be achieved by

 treating diseased animals, which therefore reduces disease

prevalence, and by
 preventing disease, which therefore reduces both inci-
dence and prevalence.
 However, prevention is an increasingly important part of
disease control, being better than treatment of diseased ani-
mals.
CONT.,,,,,
 Eradication: refers to the regional extinction of an infec-
tious agent.
 For example, eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK,
Disease may be accidentally reintroduced into regions from
which it has been previously eradicated.
CONT.,,,
Cause of disease
• According to the cause, disease is broadly divided in to two:
• infectious and non-infectious causes.
 Infectious diseases are those that are caused by living
agents these include microbial cause.
• Microbes (micro-organisms) are unicellular organisms that
cause disease, which comprise bacteria, virus, protozoa,
fungus etc.
 CONT.,,,,
 Non-infectious causes are these that are non-living agents such
as those related with feed (nutrient), chemicals agents,
physical agents, metabolic disturbance etc.
• Eg. milk fever (calcium deficiency),
• ketosis (glucose deficiency),
• magnesium deficiency,
• protein deficiency,
• lead poisoning, etc.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 The infectious diseases are of major importance in agricul-
tural animals.
 Accordingly the bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal and para-
sitic diseases account for a major portion
of loss in livestock.
 The infectious diseases are capable of affecting many animals
in a short period of time and the case fatality rate in some dis-
eases can be very high and similarly the economic loss.
 Certain infectious diseases, especially the viral diseases, are en-
demic in some countries and pose a threat to other coun-
tries considered to be free of them.
Thank you for your attention!!