Zainab Ahmed

AC (IR)
43rd Common
 Emotions and Motivation

Past Papers
Elucidate this type of motive where the person is strongly motivated with “the desire
to perform an act to gain a reward or to avoid undesirable consequences.” (2000)

In what ways biogenic motives differ with socio-genic motives? Support your views in
the light of theoretical and experimental researches conducted recently.(2001)

Elucidate the differences between biogenic and socio-genic motives. How does
Maslow’s hierarchy of Motives explain the relative standing of these motives? Give
examples. (2002)

Describe how and what secondary motives determine one’s source of action in
practical life. (2003)
 Emotions and Motivation

Past Papers
Critically evaluate the theories of emotions. (2004)

Highlight and describe the main Motivational Factors which regulate the degree and
quality of Learning. (2005)

How do you conceptualize “self-actualization?” What stages, according to Maslow, it

has to pass through to reach the goal? Discuss (2005)

Give a comparative account of various theories of MOTIVATION. (2006)

Define Motivation. List the various theories of Motivation and explain any one of
them. (2007)

Differentiate between motivation and emotions. Critically evaluate different

theories of emotions (2008)
 Emotions and Motivation
Past Papers
Short Notes: (2009)
1. Maslow, theory of motivation
2. Emotions and characters

Describe the significance of motivation in human life referring to any one theory of motivation. (2010)

Critically examine Maslows hierarchy of need theory.(2011)

Define motivation and discuss instincts, drives and incentives explain motivated behavior. (2012)

Short Note (2013)

1.Affiliation motive

Give a detailed account of theories of emotions and expressions. (2014)

Short Note -(2014)

1.Masslows theory of motivation
EMOTIONS
 Emotions
• Feelings such as happiness, despair & sorrow
that generally have both physiological and
cognitive elements and that influence
behavior
• Identifiable physical changes in body
Functions
• Prepare us for action
• Shaping future behavior
• Help us regulate social interaction
 Understanding Emotions
James-Lange Theory
Emotional experience is a reaction to instinctive
bodily events that occurred as a response to
some situation or event in the environment
Example: we feel sorry because we cry etc.
Every major emotion has a physiological “gut”
reaction of the internal organs attached to it.
 Understanding Emotions
James-Lange Theory
Visceral experience: the gut reaction
experienced internally triggering an emotion
We experience emotions as a result of
physiological changes that produce specific
sensations
Sensations are interpreted by brain as particular
kinds of emotional experiences.
 Understanding Emotions
Drawbacks of James-Lange Theory
• In order for the theory to be correct, visceral
changes would have to occur at a relatively rapid
pace
• Emotional experiences frequently happen even
before many physiological change have time to be
set into motion
• Physiological arousal doesn’t invariably produce
emotional experience (example: Jogging/running)
• Internal organs produce limited sensations
 Understanding Emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
Both physiological and emotional arousals are
produced simultaneously by the same nerve
impulse
This nerve impulse emanates from thalamus
region of brain
Viscera
Stimulus communicated to
Thalamus sends
perceived by cerebral cortex
signal to viscera regarding the nature
thalamus
of emotion
 Understanding Emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
Not necessary for different emotions to have
different physiological patterns associated with
them, as long as the message sent to the cerebral
cortex differs according to specific emotion
Drawback
Hypothalamus and limbic system not thalamus
plays a major role in emotions
 Understanding Emotions
Schachter-Singer Theory
• Emotions are determined jointly by a non
specific kind of physiological arousal and its
interpretation based on environmental cues
• We identify the emotion we are experiencing
by observing our environment and comparing
ourselves with others
 Understanding Emotions
Schachter-Singer Theory
Supports a cognitive view of emotions (labelling
f the arousal based on cues from the
environment)
Drawback
Physiological arousal is not essential for
emotional experience to occur in some cases
 Neuroscience Perspective: Emotion

PET BRAIN SCANS

Happiness = Decrease in activity in certain areas
of the cerebral cortex
Sadness = Increase in activity in particular
portions of the cortex
Amygdala: Important in the experience of
emotions for it provides a link between the
perception of an emotion producing stimulus
and the recall of that stimulus later (Learning
fear)
 Neuroscience Perspective: Emotion
Mirror Neurons
• Recent discovery
• Neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a
particular behavior but also when a person simply
observes another individual carrying out the same
behavior
• Root of empathy
• Understanding others intentions
• Discovery suggests that the capacity of young
children to imitate others maybe an inborn behavior
Motivation: Factors that direct and energize
behavior
Motivation is concerned with the forces that
direct future behavior
Emotions pertain to the feelings we experience
throughout our lives. Focus on internal
experience at any give moment
 Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory of motivation
Individuals are born with pre-programmed set of
behavior essential to their survival
These instincts provide the energy that channel
behavior in appropriate direction (eating in response
to an instinct for survival and growth)
Criticism:
• Unable to agree on primary instincts
• why a specific pattern of behavior and not some
other
 Theories of Motivation
Drive reduction Theory
When individuals lack some biological requirement, a
drive to obtain that requirement is produced
Drive: A motivational tension or arousal that
energizes a behavior in order to fulfill a need

Primary drive
Drive

Secondary Drive
 Theories of Motivation
Drive reduction Theory
Primary drive: Biological need
Secondary Drive: No particular biological need is
fulfilled. Needs are brought about by prior experience
or learning (achievement)
Criticism:
Good explanation for primary drives but inadequate
when explaining behavior where goal is not to reduce
a drive but to maintain or increase a particular level of
arousal (thrills)
 Theories of Motivation
Drive reduction Theory
 Theories of Motivation
Arousal Theory
The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation
and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary.

Yerkes-Dodson Law
• A particular level of motivational arousal produces optimal
performance of a task
• Performance on simple tasks usually benefit from higher
levels of arousal than performance on more complex tasks
• vary from individual to individual
• Too much arousal is bad in exam but good in baseball field
 Theories of Motivation
Incentive Theory: Pull of motivation
Explains motivation in terms of external stimuli
Incentive: an external stimulus anticipated as reward
which directs and energizes behavior
Criticism:
• Insufficient to provide a complete explanation of
motivation, since individuals seek to fulfill needs
when incentives are not apparent
• Drive & and incentive theory work together
 Theories of Motivation
Opponent-Process Theory : Yin & Yang
• Suggests that increase in arousal ultimately produces
a calming reaction in the nervous system and vice
versa
• Seeks to explain the phenomenon behind drug
addiction and thrills
Process
Stimuli that leads to increase in arousal in the
beginning, later produce an opposite calming reaction in
the nervous system and vice versa
 Theories of Motivation
Opponent-Process Theory : Yin & Yang
Process
• With each exposure to a stimulus the original response to the
stimulus remains fairly stable or perhaps even declines while
the opponent process, reaction to the original response grows
in strength
• Drugs: Opponent process tends to strengthen each time a drug
is taken and initial process declines
• Explains why people hold strong motivation for behavior that
on surface has few benefits
• It is frequently the opponent process not the initial reaction
that maintains the motivation to carry out such behavior
 Theories of Motivation
Expectancy Theory: Cognitive Approach
Proposed by Vroom

First Order Second Order

Outcomes
Outcomes
Effort • Performance
• Praise from
boss
• Creativity • Increase in
salary
Expectancy
Instrumentality
 Theories of Motivation
Expectancy Theory; Cognitive Approach
Based on employee’s beliefs
Valence: Refers to emotional orientations which people
hold with respect to outcomes( rewards)- The value a
person attaches to first and second order outcomes
Expectancy: Refers to employees different expectations
and level of confidence about what they are capable of
doing- The belief that effort will lead to first order
outcomes
Instrumentality: The perceived link between first order
and second order outcomes
 Theories of Motivation
Expectancy Theory; Cognitive Approach

These three factors work together to create a

motivational force for an employee or any individual
First Order Outcome: The behavior that results directly
from the effort of an employee
Second Order Outcome: Anything good or bad that
results from a first order outcome
 Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s Hierachy of needs
• Considers different motivational needs to be ordered
in a hierarchy
• Suggests that before more sophisticated, higher order
needs can be met, certain primary needs must be
satisfied
• Pyramid, basic needs at bottom and higher order
needs at top
• Progression Principle: A need at one level doesn’t
become activated until the lower level need is
satisfied
 Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s Hierachy of needs
Physiological needs: breathing, food, water, sleep,
excretion etc.
Safety need: Security of body, employment, resources,
health property etc.
Love and belonging needs: Friendship and family
Esteem needs: self esteem, confidence, achievement,
respect for others and respect by others
 Theories of Motivation
• Self actualization: A state of self fulfillment in which
people realize their highest potential.
• People feel at ease with themselves and their talents
• Sense of satisfaction with the current state of affairs

Importance of Maslow model

• Highlights the complexity of human needs
• Explains why victims of natural disasters may suffer a
breakdown
Theories of Motivation
 Job Satisfaction: Employee’s motivation
Theory X-Freud

• Assumption: Employees are lazy,

lack ambition, if left unsupervised
then they wont attain anything
• Not self motivated
• Pessimistic views of employees
• Carrots and sticks approach
• Supervision (thumb impressions and
device jamming etc)
 Job Satisfaction: Employee’s motivation
Theory Y- Douglas Megreger
• Optimistic view of employees
• Self motivated and will work even if not supervised
• Decision making is decentralized
• Flexible structure
Theory Z-Maslow
Employees can be categorized according to their needs
and can be dealt accordingly
 Job Satisfaction: Employee’s motivation

Hygiene Factor Theory

By Fredrick Herzberg
Hygiene factors: Presence doesn’t add to motivation but
absence of these factors can be demotivating.
Example: work environment etc.
Motivators: recognition, authority, nature of work,
responsibility and advancement