Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Intro to A&P -
1 Intro to A&P -
1 Intro to A&P -
Muhammad Iqbal
Lecturer
KMU
Definitions
• No medicine without physiology
• No surgery without Anatomy
• Physiology: The study of functions of organ or body or
cell.
• Anatomy: The study of structure (shape, size, location) of
an organ or a cell is called anatomy.
• Pathology: The study of abnormalities or diseases is
called pathology.
• Etiology: The study of causes of diseases is known as
etiology.
Definitions
body tissues.
• Osmosis: The movement of water molecules from
its higher concentration to its lower concentration
through a semi permeable membrane.
e.g. Absorption of water by small intestine.
• Facilitated Diffusion: The movement of molecules
from the area of its greater (higher) concentration to
the area of its lesser (lower) concentration with the
help of channels or carriers. Eg, Intake of glucose by
cells.
• Active Transport: The movement of molecules from its
lower concentration to the higher concentration with
the help of consumption of cellular energy (in the form
of ATP). e.g. Sodium Potassium Pump (Na-K pump).
• Filtration: The movement of water and dissolved
substances from the area of its higher pressure to the
area of its lower pressure is called filtration.
e.g. formation of urine in the renal tubules.
• Phagocytosis: The engulfment (swallowing) of a
solid substance (e.g. bacteria etc.) by phagocytic
cells is called phagocytosis.
Example: White Blood Cells engulf bacteria.
• Pinocytosis: The uptake of fluid and dissolved
substance.
Example: Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb
dissolved proteins
Organization level of a body
• Hypotonic Solution
• A solution having strength (concentration) lesser than
the other one is said to be
• hypotonic solution.
• Isotonic Solution
• A solution having strength equal to the other one is
considered to be isotonic solution.
• Hypertonic Solution
• A solution having strength greater than the other one
is called hypertonic solution.
BODY CAVITIES
• Epigastric Region
• Greater part of liver, greater part of stomach,
• Greater part of pancreas
• Umbilical Region
• Part of small intestine,
• Transverse colon of large intestine
• Hypogastric Region
• Part of sigmoid colon
• Urinary bladder when full