INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

BY
DR.MUSTANSAR HAYAT SAGGU
 Electricity

Movement of electrons
Invisible force that provides
light, heat, sound, motion . . .
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Elements - The simplest form of matter

Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all of the

properties of that element
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Components of an Atom
Nucleus
The center portion of an
atom containing the
protons and neutrons
Protons
Positively charged atomic
particles
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic
particles
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Atomic Number
The atomic number is
equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus of
an atom.

The atomic number

identifies the element.

How many protons

are in this nucleus?
Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electrons
Negatively charged
particles
Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which electrons
move around the nucleus 2D
3D
of an atom
Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits
Orbit Maximum
Number Electrons
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
6 72
Valence
8
Orbit

Orbits closest to the nucleus fill first

Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits
Atoms like to have their valence ring either filled
(8) or empty(0) of electrons.
Copper
How many electrons are in
Cu the valence orbit? 1
29
Is copper a conductor or
insulator? Conductor
Why?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits

Sulfur

S
16

How many electrons are in the valence orbit?

6
Is Sulfur a conductor or insulator?
Insulator
Why?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Flow
An electron from one orbit can knock out an
electron from another orbit.

When an atom loses an

electron, it seeks another to
fill the vacancy.

Copper

Cu
29
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Flow
Electricity is created as electrons collide and
transfer from atom to atom.

Play Animation
 Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators

Electrons flow easily Electron flow is difficult

between atoms between atoms

1-3 valence electrons in 5-8 valence electrons in

outer orbit outer orbit

Examples: Silver, Copper, Examples: Mica, Glass,

Gold, Aluminum Quartz
 Conductors and Insulators
Identify conductors and insulators

Conductors Insulators
Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and components
forming a complete path for current to travel

Properties of an electrical circuit include

Voltage Volts V
Current Amps A
Resistance Ohms Ω
Current
The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is

there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on, is
there any flow (current)?
YES
Current in a Circuit

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
 Current Flow
Conventional Current assumes that
current flows out of the positive side
of the battery, through the circuit, and
Conventional
back to the negative side of the Current
battery. This was the convention
established when electricity was first
discovered, but it is incorrect!
Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of the
negative side of the battery, through Electron
the circuit, and back to the positive Flow

side of the battery.

 Engineering vs. Science
The direction that the current flows does not affect what the current
is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which convention is
used as long as you are consistent.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general,
the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current.
Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional Current
.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes current
to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and the
faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the system.
Voltage in a Circuit

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push current

through the bulb when the switch is on.
Resistance
The opposition of current flow
- measured in Ohms (Ω)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

What happens to the flow (current) if a rock gets

lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.
 Resistance in a Circuit

Resistor

off on

Resistors are components that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the bulb to become more
dim.
Multimeter
An instrument used to measure the
properties of an electrical circuit,
including
Voltage Volts
Current Amps
Resistance Ohms
Measuring Voltage
Set multimeter to the proper V range.
Measure across a component.

Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Measuring Current
Set multimeter to the proper ADC range.
Circuit flow must go through the meter.

Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
 Measuring Resistance
Set multimeter to the proper Ohms range.
Measure across the component being tested.
Power must be off or removed from the circuit.
Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage
applied to it and is inversely proportional to the resistor’s
value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage, and
resistance

If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviation Units Symbols
s
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω

V=IR I=V/R R=V/I

 Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for V
V
V=IR
I xR
 Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
 Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
 Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and
has a bulb with a resistance of 150 . When
the flashlight is on, how much current will be
drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR    0.04 A  40 mA
R 150 
 Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one of
two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are connected • Both ends of the components
end-to-end. are connected together.
• There is only a single path • There are multiple paths for
for current to flow. current to flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a series
circuit equals the total applied voltage

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

The total current in a parallel circuit equals the
sum of the individual branch currents
Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.
Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
• The current flowing through every series component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the
resistances (i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the
total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

VR1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3
 Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT
VR3
 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
RT  R1  R2  R3
RT  220   470   1.2 k 
RT  1900   1.9 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT V
IT  (Ohm's Law)
RT
I R
12 v
IT   6.3 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit:

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3  6.3 mAmp
 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1  IR1  R1  (Ohm's Law)
VR1  6.349 mA  220 Ω  1.397 volts

VR2  IR2  R2 (Ohm's Law) V

VR2  6.349 mA  470 Ω  2.984 volts I R

VR3  IR3  R3 (Ohm's Law)

VR3  6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω  7.619 volts
 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3

12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v  12 v
Parallel Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one path for current
flow
If a component is removed, then it is possible for
the current to take another path to reach other
components.
Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal: 1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
RT R1 R2 R3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (I R1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal to
the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

42
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k

RT  346.59 = 350 
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT  VR1  VR2  VR3  15 volts
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm's Law)
R1

VR1 15 v
IR1    31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470 

VR2 15 v
IR2    6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k 

V 15 v V
IR3  R3   4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k 
I R

VT 15 v
IT    43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59 
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3

43.278 mA=31.915 mA+6.818 mA+4.545 mA

43.278 mA (43 mA)  43.278 mA (43mA)

 Combination Circuits
Contain both series and parallel arrangements

What would happen if you removed light 1? light 2?

light 3?

2 3
 Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to the
amount of current and voltage within a
system.

P  I V
Power is measured in watts
 Image Resources
Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip Art. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx
MAGNETISM
 What are magnets?
• Let’s first start off with what causes an
magnetic field…
• A magnetic field is created around any moving
charged object.
 What is charged that is moving within an
atom?

• Electrons (e-)
• The atoms within most
materials have paired up
electrons spinning in
opposite directions so the
magnetic field that is
created by one is cancelled
out by the other.
• Some materials like
iron, nickel, and
colbalt have a single
electron or pair of
electrons that spin in
the same direction
creating a magnetic
field or a small
atomic magnet.
 The atomic sized magnets line up to create
domains within the material.

The individual domains line up to form a magnet.

 A magnet has two ends called poles (dipoles),
where the magnetic force is the strongest.

• No matter how many

times a magnet is
broken, each piece
always has a north
pole and a south
pole.
• There is no such
thing as a monopole.
A magnetic field exists around a magnet or any
moving charged object.

Magnetic fields are like electric fields or

gravitational fields in that they allow magnets
to interact without touching.
 Imaginary lines that map out the magnetic field (B) around a
magnet are known as magnetic field lines or magnetic flux lines.
Rules for drawing magnetic field lines (same
as an electric field):
1. Magnetic field lines always go from the north pole to the
south pole (outside a magnet).
 The direction of the magnetic field is determined by using a
compass. The needle of the compass points in the direction of
the magnetic field.
 Rules for drawing magnetic field lines:
2. Magnetic field lines are closed loops and never cross or
intersect.
 Rules for drawing magnetic field lines:
3. Where the magnetic field lines are closer the magnetic field is
stronger.
Draw magnetic flux lines around the
magnets below:

S N S N

S N N S
Magnetic Field Strength (B) B=F
qv

The number of magnetic lines of flux per unit area

passing through a plane perpendicular to the direction
of the lines is called the magnetic field strength (B).

The magnetic field strength is a vector like electric field strength.

The weber (Wb) is the unit used for

measuring the number of lines of flux.

1 Wb = 1 Tesla (T)
m2
Tesla’s are used as the unit for magnetic field strength (magnetic flux density).
Feeling the strongest magnetic force…

An object that enters this magnetic field

F=0
will feel a maximum force
only if it is moving
perpendicular to the flux lines.

Fmax

It will feel no magnetic force

if is is moving
B in line, or parallel, with the flux lines.
Magnetism
• Magnetism is the
force of attraction
or repulsion
between
magnetic poles.
Magnetic Field around the Earth
What we do know…
The north magnetic pole and the geographic North
Pole do not coincide. The magnetic pole is about 1500 km
(930 mi) south of the geographic North Pole and it changes.

A compass actually indicates the direction of magnetic north,

not true north. Therefore a navigator must need to know the
magnetic declination for a specific area. This is the angular
difference between magnetic and true north.

The details and mechanisms of

how and why the Earth has a
magnetic field are unclear.
They do believe that it may
have something to do with
motions in the liquid outer core.
Charges moving through a wire:
Remember what creates
magnetic fields-
a charged object in motion.

Current is the flow of electrons. A moving charged object.

Current in a wire produces a magnetic field around the wire.

A compass can be used to detect a

magnetic field around a wire that
had current flowing through it.
 LEFT HAND RULE #1: Helps us to analyze the path of a
charged object in a magnetic field.

Which way will the magnetic field below push this electron traveling through the field?
B

N e- S

Thumb is aligned with the

direction of current (I) or movement.

We use the LHR for electron flow.

Fingers are aligned

Your palm indicates with the direction of
the direction the the magnetic field (B).
object would move
due to the magnetic force.
 LHR Symbols:
Sometimes the magnetic field or current is going into or out of the page.
For this we us the following symbols:

Coming out of page Going into page

WIRE:

FIELD:
LHR #2 with wires:
 Looking at wires straight on…
Which way is the magnetic field around the wire? Use the LHR.
 Effects of two wires:
1. Two wires next to each other that both have currents in the same direction.

WIRES WILL ATTRACT EACH OTHER

 Effects of two wires:
2. Two wires next to each other that have currents in opposite directions.

WIRES WILL REPEL EACH OTHER

 Effects of two wires:
3. Two wires with currents flowing perpendicular to each other.

NO INTERACTION, F=0
 Practice…
The diagram below shows an end view of a current carrying wire
between the poles of a magnet. The wire is perpendicular to the
magnetic field. F

If the direction of the electron flow is into the page, what is the
direction of the magnetic force (F) acting on the wire?
 Practice…
The wire below is moved toward the right through a magnetic field.
In which direction will the magnetic force push the wire?
 Looped wire
What’s the magnetic field around a loop of wire?

Where’s the
north pole
created?

The north pole

is located where
your finger tips
e- end up.

Behind the wire.

+ -
What’s the magnetic field around a loop of wire?

Where’s the
north pole
+ created?

e- -
Above the wire.

Looping a wire around several times into a coil will produce an…
 …Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet whose
magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric
current. The magnetic field disappears when the
current ceases.
 An electromagnet is most commonly made by coiling wire around a piece of iron. This
electromagnet is called a solenoid(A solenoid is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical
coil of wire whose length is substantially greater than its diameter, which generates a
controlled ). The shape of the magnetic field is the same as a bar magnet.

As electrons move through the coil of wire, the magnetic field of one electron
adds to the field of any others moving in the same direction.
Factors affecting the magnetic field of a solenoid:

1. The magnetic field around a solenoid is directly

related to the current through the coil.
 Factors affecting the magnetic field of a solenoid:

2. The magnetic field around a solenoid is directly

related to the number of turns or coils around
the solenoid.
 Factors affecting the magnetic field of a solenoid:

3. The magnetic field around a solenoid is directly

related to the material around which the wire is
coiled. The soft iron is more permeable to the
magnetic field than the air is.
Determining the poles of a solenoid:

LHR Modified:
1. Have palm away from you.
2. Point fingers of left hand in
the direction of the current
(many coils, many fingers).
3. Stick thumb out and that’s
where the north pole is.
Determine the poles of this
solenoid:
S

N
 Electromagnetic Induction
This is the process of generating a potential difference
(voltage) in a conductor (wire) due to the motion
of the conductor in a magnetic field.

Generating a voltage in a wire would mean generating

areas of uneven charge within a wire.

How can this be done?

What can be forced to move within a wire that will create a potential difference?

Moving a wire through a magnetic field will cause a magnetic force

which will move electrons towards one end of the wire
creating a potential difference.
 Let’s take a closer look…
Motion of wire

- -
-
- -
- wire

If this wire is moved up or down (perpendicular to the field), a voltage

will be generated and if the wire is part of a complete
circuit then current is induced.
If this wire is moved left or right (parallel to the field),
no current will be generated because no force is generated to
move electrons and create a voltage.
Other ways to induce voltage…
This is how Niagara Falls was used to produce
electricity…

Water flow is used to turn a

turbine through a magnetic field
inducing a potential difference and
producing electrical current.
This is how an electric motor works…

An electric motor utilizes the

property of electromagnetic
induction to convert electricity
into mechanical energy to make
things move. The conductor itself,
a coiled wire, will move to oppose
the magnetic field. Just when it
gets into position the current is
reversed, and the coil spins round
and round and round full of
mechanical energy.
 A Generator…

A generator is simply the same

process in reverse, converting
mechanical energy into electricity.
Almost all of the electrical energy
we use in our daily lives is
supplied by electric generators.

http://www.stmary.ws/highschool/physics/home/java/fendt/ph11e/generator_e.htm
 Combo-Circuits Quiz
PART 1: Combination Circuits- Find the following. Make sure to show work!

R2 = 6 Ω
R1 = 2 Ω
30 V 0V

R3 = 12 Ω

RT= 6Ω IT= 5A
VT= 30 V I1 = 5A
V1= 10 V I2 = 3.33 A
V2= 20 V I3 = 1.66 A
V3= 20 V
PART 2: Magnetic Fields- For each diagram representing a magnet or
current-carrying conductor below, draw in the associated magnetic field lines.
If the lines are in the plane of the paper, represent them with arrows in the
appropriate direction. If the field lines are coming out of the plane of the
paper, represent them with DOTS ; if they are going into the paper, represent
them with CROSSES .

1. 3.
S
N

current carrying
perpendicular
wire to the
page

2. 4.
N S

I
PART 3: Magnetic Force Direction- The following diagrams show a charged
particle or a current carrying wire in a magnetic field. For each diagram use
the left-hand rule to draw an arrow on the object that shows the direction of
the magnetic force. Remember that a DOT means the direction is into the page
and a CROSS means the direction is out of the page towards you.

B B

1. 3.

v into paper

B B out of
2. 4. paper

I -
• http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics5
1/mag_field.htm
• http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/
phys03/cintromag/sld001.htm