LECTURE 1

Art and Humanities

OUTCOMES:
a. Define humanities, art, art appreciation, and
history of western civilization,
b. Compare and contrast the concepts of art
according to Western thought and Filipino
thought; and
c. Relate the Western concept of humanities
with the Filipino notion of personhood or
pagkatao.
 U RE 1 . 1
LEC T
A rt a s a
m a n i s t i c
H u
i s c i p l i n e
D
 FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES
PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
ININTHE
THEHUMANITIES
FIELDS OFSCIENCES
LEARNING

Subject-Knower
Humanities Sciences
=
Object-Knownith
ith Art Deals w
D ea ls
Subject=Knower
Language w History
Object=Known
Philospohy
al,
n a tu r
human
naCreation p h y ic al
insself.”
phenomeArt
“The“The
scientist
humanist
learns
learns
aboutabout
things
the the world.”
Art Appreciation
phenomena
The Sciences The Humanities

• Knowledge • Wisdom
• Scientific Method • Reflexive Method
• Deals with natural, • Deals with human
physical phenomena phenomena
• The scientist becomes • The humanist becomes
a LEARNED MAN a WISE MAN.
THE BASIC
QUESTION IN
HUMANITIES
Who am I?
THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE
BASIS OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES

“Know thyself.”
-SOCRATES
469-399 BC

“Withdraw into yourself

truth dwells in the inner man.”
-AUGUSTINE,
354-430 AD
 A scientist tends to know everything about the world
that he forgets to know anything about himself.

THALES OF MILETUS
(620-546 BC)
What is the
basic answer to
this question?
Who am I?

I am a human
being.
 U RE 1 . 2
LEC T
T he s
m a n i t i e
H u
W e s t e r n
i n
i l i z a t i o n
C i v
“Art as a Humanistic Discipline” (Panofsky)
LATIN ENGLISH
humanitas “humanity”

divinitas Gods in the state of

perfection in heaven

humanitas People in the state of

culture in civilized society
barbaritas Savages in the state of
nature for survival
 THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN THE
HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
C
80 0 B
ANCIENT COSMOCENTRIC VIEW
PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things.
GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the universe.
D
30 0 A
MEDIEVAL THEOCENTRIC VIEW
SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of God
Man is at the center of creation.
1 4 00
RENAISSANCE ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW
HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man.
1 6 00 SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW
MODERN
Man is a part of nature.
1960 POSTMODERN ECLECTIC VIEW
Man is a piece of everything.
ANCIENT
IMAGE OF
COSMOCENTRIC MAN:

GEOCENTRIC THEORY
“Earth (Man) is
the center of
the universe.”

-Ptolemy
Almagest
(100-170 AD)
MEDIEVAL IMAGE
OF THEOCENTRIC
MAN

“Man is created by
God.”

-Escorial Beatus,
Illuminated Manuscript,
(10th Century)
RENAISSANCE
IMAGE OF MAN:
ANTROPOCENTRIC MAN:
“Man is the measure of
all things.”

-Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man
(1490)
RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN
“The image of man is the image of God. Man is the measure of God.”

-Michelangelo
The Creation of Man
(Sistine Chapel
Painting, 1512)
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY:
Removed man from the
center of the universe
and suggested the view
man was special in the
universe.

-Copernicus,
On the Revolution
of Celestial Bodies
(1542)
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
“Man is a part of nature.”

-The Evolution
of Man
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.

-Rembrandt, The
Anatomy Lesson
of Dr. Tulp,
(1642)
MODERN IMAGE OF
SCIENTIFIC-
TECHNOCENTRIC MAN

“Man is dehumanized
during
the industrial age.”

-Legaspi
Gadgets
1947
POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN
“Man is a piece of everything.”

-Medio Cruz,
Poleteismo,
(from Kulo
Exhibit 2011)

“INSTALLATIO
N ART”
 Art
“Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects and
the human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these
objects are made.”

ETYMOLOGY LIBERAL ARTS SERVILE ARTS

• Major Art • Minor Art
ENGLISH • Artist • Artisan
LATIN
“art” • Art • craft
ars
• Architect, • Stone Cutter,
Sculptor Carpenter
i l l f ul p ro d uction
Sk • Fine Arts
or • Professional
ce
performan Artist
WESTERN CONCEPT ART

ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists

ELITIST Meant for the higher social class

HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and

low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk
art, indigenous art, popular art
WESTERN CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARTS

MAJOR ART
Made by artists and
primarily concerned with
the form of beauty

MINOR ART OR CRAFT

Made by artisans and
concerned with
functionality
and usefulness of
human-made objects
(artifacts)
THE SEVEN MAJOR ARTS IN
WESTERN CIVILIZATION

VISUAL PERFORMING LINGUISTIC

Painting Music Literature

Sculpture Dance
Architecture Drama
MINOR ARTS: CRAFT

Ceramics
Weaving
Sewing
Handicraft
Carpentry
Masonry
Stone Cutting
Gardening
Cooking
 U RE 1 . 3
LEC T
es
m a n i t i
T he H u
F i l i p i n o
a n d t h e
s o n h o o d
Pe r
g k a t a o )
(P a
 “HUMANITIES”

LATIN ENGLISH FILIPINO

humanitas “humanities” “pagpapakatao”

Mula sa;
“pagkatao”
“tao”
COVAR’S FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGY

KATAUHAN PAGKATAO

Biological: Cultural:
Born as a human being Becoming a human being
Act of being human Process of becoming human
“personality” “personhood”

“Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.”

“PAGPAPAKATAO.”
The process by which one becomes
a human being
FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
How does a human being
become a Filipino?

Manunggul Jar,
Tabon Cave,
Palawan
(890-710 BC)
Both came

from clay THE JAR AND THE

FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
LABAS
(ulo, dibdib)

LOOB
(isip, damdamin)

LALIM
(kaluluwa, budhi)
 LABAS NG LOOB NG LALIM NG
PAGKATAO PAGKATAO PAGKATAO
Katawan (Physical) Kalooban Kaluluwa (Espiritual)
• kulay ng balat (Intellectual, • anito (banal)
(maputi, maitim) Emotional and
• tindig Moral)
(matangkad, • isip (matalino)
pandak) • ugali, asal
• ilong (matangos, (mabuti)
pango)
• dibdib (malapad,
malaki)
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS

LABAS LOOB
malapad ng noo matalino
salubong ang kilay matapang o galit
malagkit ang tingin umiibig
maduming bibig masamang magsalita

LALIM
malinis ang kaluluwa matuwid ang budhi
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
LABAS LOOB
Hipo Dama
Pigil Timpi
Dinig Ulinig
Tawa Tuwa
Saya Ligaya
Sarap Ginhawa
 THE “HUMANITIES”
IN FILIPINO CONCEPT
“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process how a human being
becomes a Filipino

FILIPINO
Art
In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao, the
students would discover and realize their own identity
as a Filipino.
 Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011)
“Defining the Filipino through the Arts”
CULTURAL IDENTITY
“The worldview and values, beliefs
systems, knowledge, skills and practices,
core principles and ideas shared by a
society”

“Cultural identity is a sine qua non for

becoming active in the world… a source of
social empowerment. Rob a people of their
identity and they become passive, lost,
indolent, uncreative and unproductive.”
 “The first objective of a colonizing power is to erase
the cultural memory of the conquered people, to induce
a collective amnesia about their past and supplant it
with the culture of the colonizers. In this lie the roots
of Filipino derivativeness and inferiority complex vis-a-
vis the West.”

Pre-Colonial Period Colonial Period Post-Colonial Period

(Before 1500’s) (1500-1950) (1950 onwards)
Had our own Our identity Reclamation,
cultural identity destroyed by affirmation and
colonizers: definition of our
Westernization of identify in our own
Filipino Culture terms
making us alienated
from our own
FORMS OF ALIENATION CAUSED BY
WESTERNIZATION OF FILIPINO CULTURE

1. Alienation from Community

2. Alienation from Our Sources of Cultural Energy: Thinking in
Borrowed Forms and the Economics of Dependency
3. Alienation from Our Race: The Doña Victorina Syndrome:
4. Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating the Local
5. Alienation from the Land
6. Alienation from Being Filipino
7. Alienation from Sustainable Living
Some Recommendations for Developing a
Filipino and Humanistic Perspective

1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of responsibility

to the nation.
2. Promoting people participation, local genius, and cultural
diversity.
3. Promoting the local but thinking national or global: human
communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the
development process
4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as
lucid mirrors of social consciousness.
 THE COMMUNAL CHARACTER OF
PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL CULTURES
AS REFLECTED IN THE ARTS

1. Integration of the arts with other values and functions

2. Unity of the arts
3. Art is integrated with everyday life and not regarded as a
separate activity.
4. Equality of opportunity for participation in the artistic and
creative process.
5. Flexibility of material, technical, and formal requirements
6. Use of available resources for artistic creation
7. Emphasis on the creative process rather than the finished
product
8. Simultaneity of conception and realization
 FILIPINO

Art
BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS:
The Process of Pagpapakatao

“The arts can provide us the most vivid

images of social relations and cultural
values. They are perhaps the most lucid
symbols of a people’s quality of being or
consciousness. Contemplating the arts is
like reflecting on the psychic template of
an artist or a cultural community.”
 U RE 1 . 4
LEC T
F i l i p i n o
T he A r t
n c e p t o f
C o
 Western
Concept

ART
Academic Meant for the higher social class.
Elitist Only schooled people are artists.
Hierarchical
High and low art, major art and craft
fine and practical art, folk, indigenous.

Filipino
Concept

ART Has no such Western distinctions.

 Bulul, Igorot Art

Maranao Brassware Art

Burnay Jars of Ilocos

Ling Ling O,
Art of the
Cordillera Group
 Basey, Art of Colorful Mats Pastillas Wrapper Art
Tinalak, Tiboli Art from Samar-Leyte of Pampanga and Bulacan

Vinta, Badjao Art Sarimanok Design, Okir, Maranao Art

Maranao Art
 Taka Art of Paete, Laguna
Torogan, Maranao Art

PAROL, Lanterns
made of capiz shells
with twinkling light design

PAHIYAS, Art PASIKING, Ifugao

of Lucban Quezon Native Backpack
 THE COLORFUL ART OF
THE PHILIPPINE KALESA

THE COLORFUL ART

OF TRICYCLE DESIGN

THE COLORFUL ART

OF JEEPNEY DESIGN
COLORFUL PHILIPPINE
ICE CREAM CART
UE. DR. ALLAN C.
 Laji of the Ivatan is
literature and music
Senakulo is a
theater art

Pasyon is literature,
and pabasa is music.
“The principle of cultural identity does not mean that
cultures cannot be criticized. If all cultures on earth are
to survive, most of them have to change some of their
beliefs and practices in order to become compatible with
one another” (Felipe, 2011).