INCIDENT PREVENTION

NUR AIN FATIHAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK

DIPLOMA MARITIME OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

1
SUBTOPICS
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF INCIDENT PREVENTION
2.2 ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL
(a) HEINRICH DOMINO THEORY
(b) BIRD LOSS CAUSATION MODEL
(c) MULTI CAUSATION MODEL
2.3 ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMME

2
 PRINCIPLES OF INCIDENT
PREVENTION
• The purpose of incident prevention is to avoid :
• workers from being injured, disability, extreme pain and even
death.
• Property damage due to the direct and indirect cost associated
with the incidents.

• An effective incident prevention is shown by success of

• reported rates or the lowest number of incidents.

• Principles are used as guidance and ensure acceptance of rules and

methods used. 3
 PRINCIPLES OF INCIDENT
PREVENTION

Co-operation
Good Competent
Legal Between Advance
Leadership & Organization
Compliance Management Technology
Management & Resources
And Workers

4
GOOD LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT
• Top management / leader of each department need to
understand, identified risk, implementing control, supervising
and monitoring.
• Most of incident not because of worker, but failure in controlling
workers

5
LEGAL COMPLIANCE
• Act OSH policy, safety programme must distribute information to
ensure information is understood and followed

6
7
 COMPETENT ORGANIZATION AND
RESOURCES
• Competent means ability to undertake responsibilities and
performed activities to a recognized standard on a regular
basis.

• Have skill in thinking, practical, knowledge, experience of

running programmes, conduct accident investigation.

8
`

9
 CO – OPERATION BETWEEN
MANAGEMENT AND WORKERS
• Top management lead on organizing safety in order to ensure
worker able to follow instructions and committed to programme
conducted.
• Heard feedback from implemented worker and discussed at
safety committee meeting for the best solution.

10
 ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY
• Fast and efficient on dissemination of information to increase
knowledge and create awareness about incident prevention.
• Social network

11
 DISCUSSION
• Based on job task below,
“ how to prevent an accident based on 5 Principles of incident
prevention”

Welding Working at height Hacking

12
 ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL
• Accident causation model was developed
• To assist safety officers or safety committee to investigate and
identify the causes of the occupational accidents effectively.

• There are 3 basic accidents causation :-

I. Heinrich Domino Theory
II. Bird loss causation model / international loss control
institute model
III. Multi causation accident model

13
HEINRICH’S DOMINO THEORY

14
HEINRICH’S DOMINO THEORY
• Heinrich, Industrial Accident Prevention Book (1931).
• He has studied 75000 reports of industrial accidents.
• 88% industrial accident caused by unsafe acts of workers.
• 10% industrial accident caused by unsafe condition.
• 2% industrial accident caused by act of God.

15
16
 FIVE Elements
Singular Sequential Linear Causation
Trend of Accident

17
• Heinrich summarizes

Unsafe acts and / or

Social environment &
The fault of a person mechanical or physical Accident Injuries
ancestry
hazard
• Character Trait • Inherited or acquired • Unsafe acts include • Events such as slip • Sprain, fractures,
passed along through traits plus that allowed going into a and trip, being struck lacerations, cuts that
inheritance or blood existence of construction site by moving or flying result from the
lines mechanical / physical without wearing safety objects being caught accidents
• Recklessness, hazard helmet, standing in machinery etc
• stubbornness under suspended
• violent temper, lack of loads,
consideration,
ignorance of safe
practice committing
unsafe acts

18
HENRICH’S DOMINO THEORY
• A row of sequence events towards
an accident.

• If an element of the sequences is

activated, a domino will knock the
following domino- the whole row of
domino will fall.

• Heinrich suggested that

• by removing the domino nearest to
the “Accident” Dominos could stop
the happenings of the accidents
events and eliminates injury.

19
BIRD’S LOSS CAUSATION MODEL
SEQUENCE

20
 BIRD’S LOSS CAUSATION MODEL
SEQUENCE
• Bird & Loftus (1996)
• Clearer relationship between the undesired events and its consequences using management
system as the main control towards the Immediate and Basic Cause, also known as the root
cause.
• The major weakness of Dominos Model was, it relied on the concept of single of leading to an
incident.

• 2 main concepts in Bird Loss Model:-

i. The influence of management (lack of management control towards their workers)
cause of near misses or accidents

ii. Loss as the result of an accident- which represent injuries, property damages
(production loss property damages or wastage of owner assets)

21
BIRD’S LOSS CAUSATION MODEL
SEQUENCE

22
 BIRD’S LOSS CAUSATION MODEL
1. LACK OF CONTROL
SEQUENCE
• Inadequate safety program
• Inadequate program standard
• Inadequate compliance with standard

2. Basic cause
• Personal factors; lack of knowledge/ skills/ inability to handle pressure of the job
• Job factors; inadequate training, inappropriate tools, worn equipment/ tools

3. Immediate/ direct cause

• Substandard practices (operating equipment w/o authority, improper handling, under
influence of alchohol)
• Substandard condition (inadequate guard/ barrier, defective tools/ equipment, poor
housekeeping, inadequate ventilation)
23
 BIRD’S LOSS CAUSATION MODEL
SEQUENCE
4. Incident
• May or may not result in injury to a person or damages to property

5. Loss (injury or ill health to individual or damages to property)

Direct loss–

Harm to people Increased training

Damage to property cost to replace
injured employees,
Reduction in
productivity Legal expenses
Investigation time
and loss of business

Indirect loss
24
MULTI CAUSATION ACCIDENT MODEL

25
MULTI CAUSATION ACCIDENT MODEL
• Developed by Peterson (1978) due to the understanding and findings that an
accident or incident is not caused by a single cause.

• Every accident depends on the contributing factors, cause and sub-causes.

• Hence, during accident investigation, there is a need to identify as many of

these cause as possible which can be related to the accident event, rather than
just one cause for each stage of the domino sequence.

26
• It clarify that, the contributor factors can be divide into 2 groups

27
 Figure A Figure B

WHICH FIGURE SHOWN

UNSAFE ACT , UNSAFE CONDITION
28
 Multi-Cause Accident Model
Scenario:
A worker slipped, fell and hurt his back due to hurry for a
meeting. There are a pool of water on floor of corridor and
walkway in the dark due to faulty lights.

29
 Multi-Cause Accident Model
Scenario: A worker slipped, fell and hurt his back due to hurry
for a meeting. There are a pool of water on floor of corridor
and walkway in the dark due to faulty lights.

Sub – Causes
Unsafe Act
i. Faulty Lighting
Walk in dark walkway
ii. Hurry for meeting
Accident
Slip, fell and
Sub – Causes hurt his back
i. Drain Leak Unsafe Condition
ii. Poor Maintenance A pool of water at the
Procedure walkway and Poor lighting at
the walkway

30
ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM
• The purpose is to develop a safe workplace for employers, employees
and occupiers as far as practical.

• Highly depend on “Accident Prevention Planning”

• There are 8 elements in Accident Prevention Planning

Workplace
Management Employee Safe Work
Hazard
Commitment Involvement Practices
Assessment

Accident Record
Hazard Control Training
Investigation Keeping
31
ACCIDENT PREVENTION PLANNING
Workplace
Management Employee Safe Work
Hazard
Commitment Involvement Practices
Assessment

Report the
To ensure workplace
hazard/unsafe
safe
condition/unsafe act

Standard Operating
Conduct hazard
Procedure (SOP) for
identification at
implement safe
workplace
manner
Support the
planning/programme Follow the planned
by allocation time and programme
resource

32
ACCIDENT PREVENTION PLANNING
Hazard Accident Record
Training
Control Investigation Keeping
Orientation and
Induction Training – learn
Accident investigation process and basic safety Keeping record is legal
report used to procedure requirement and should
determine weakness of
kept for 7 years
prevention measure

Competency Training –
To minimize the risk as
Learn how to
far as it can practically
use/conduct with new
be applied
equipment and process
All safety activities
(audit/training/accident
To be more effective,
investigation/safety
efficient and upgraded
committee
current accident Refresher Training – meeting/health
prevention programme Regular awareness for surveillance/prevention
senior workers program)

33
34