CHAPTER 3

RISK, HAZARD & MANAGEMENT AT

WORKPLACE

DIPLOMA MARITIME OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

SUB - TOPIC
3.1 Introduction to risk and risk management
3.2 Methods of Identifying the risk
3.3 Job Hazard Analysis
3.4 6 steps to Formulate JHA (DOSH Guideline)
3.5 Risk Assessment

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 Risk is a
“ combination of the likelihood and consequence of
a specified hazardous event occurring ”

(OHSAS 18001:1999)

• RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY

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 BASIC COMPONENTS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT
• Risk management means the total procedure
associated with

Putting in place
Identifying a Assessing the Reviewing the
control
hazard risk outcomes
measures

4
METHOD OF IDENTIFYING RISK

Inspection and Analysis Risk Environmental

observation Monitoring
Exposure Monitoring
Biological Monitoring

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Review of documents Medical Surveillance
and publications

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IDENTIFYING RISK BY DOCUMENT
REVIEW
Review
Accident
Accident Safety Audit
Investigation
Report

Act, regulation Chemical

and codes of Statistics Data safety data
practice sheet (CSDC)

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 INSPECTION AND OBSERVATION
• Type of inspections
• Statutory inspection, Periodic inspection, Formal and Informal
inspection
• Documentation
• Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record)
• Activities
• To involve supervisors, managers and employee
• Inspection outcome
• To include actions and timeframes
• Ensure follow up on action
• To ensure effectiveness
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING / EXPOSURE
MONITORING / BIOLOGICAL MONITORING

• Environmental Monitoring – area

• Noise
• Heat
• Radiation
• Air contaminants
• Chemicals
• Exposure Monitoring - Personal monitoring
• Biological Monitoring
• a regular measuring activity where selected validated indicators of the uptake of
toxic substances in the human body are determined in order to prevent health
impairment.
• Examination of, blood, urine, saliva etc.
• Part of Medical surveillance
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 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

• Medical surveillance is warranted if:

 Substance is used in workplace
 Substance is hazardous
 Evidence or reason to suspect injury
 Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

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 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
• Method use for hazard analysis:
– Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)
– Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
– Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
– Fault/Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
– Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
– Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

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1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

• For example, in the mining process could be a

breakdown of a major project or a geographical
breakdown of the underground mine.

• JSAs and SOPs can be used as a framework for

the WRAC analysis.

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www.nmit.edu.my

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

An example of a WRAC risk ranking form
After preliminary analysis, the team then considers each breakdown segment
of the mining process and identifies the potential unwanted events
associated with the identified hazards (Figure below).
The likelihood and
consequence of
each stage are
determined using
some variation of a
risk matrix, followed
by a risk rating
calculation.

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www.nmit.edu.my

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Form

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www.nmit.edu.my

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for FMEA

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www.nmit.edu.my

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

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www.nmit.edu.my

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Process analysis form for a HAZOP
Typically a process or instrumentation diagram is used to trace the properties
of materials or products through a plant by breaking down the process node by
node (usually being carried out in final design stage before construction stage)

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RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT
• Risk Assessment is to estimate accident risk.
• It is one of the important OSH element to recognized and
used to avoid any health threats and damages to
property.

Likelihood Severity Risk

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

Likelihood Severity Risk

• Likelihood • Severity
• Consequence of an accident
• How frequent accident will occur
/injuries suffer by victim
• once a year (1/yr) • Dead
• once a month (1/month) • Fire
• once a day (1/d) • Impairment/dysfunction
organ
• cut skin
• irritation
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• The level of likelihood , Severity using Scale system (1 to 3).

Likelihood Severity Risk

Scale Likelihood Justification Scale Severity Justification

system system
1 Once a year Infrequent / un-usual to
(1/year) occur 1 Irritation Mild

2 Once a Sometimes
month 2 Cut Finger Medium
( 1/month)

3 Once a day Frequently occur 3 Dead Dangerous

(1/day) accident
 CALCULATE RISK VALUE
Likelihood Severity Risk

Scale Likelihood Justification Scale Severity Justification

system system
1 Once a year Infrequent / un-usual to
(1/year) occur 1 Irritation Mild
2 Once a Sometimes
3 1 3
month
( 1/month) 2 Cut Finger Medium

3 Once a day
(1/day)
Frequently occur
accident 3 Dead Dangerous 2 3 6
DETERMINE RISK LEVEL BASED ON
RISK MATRIX
ACTION PLAN
RISK DESCRIPTIO ACTION
N
15-25 HIGH A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the
hazards as detailed in the hierarchy of control. Actions
taken must be documented on the risk assessment form
including date for completion.
5-12 MEDIUM A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to
controlling the hazards applies temporary measure if
required. Action taken must be documented on the risk
assessment form including date for completion.
1-4 LOW A risk identified as LOW may be considered as acceptable
and further reduction may not be necessary. However, if
the risk can be resolved quickly and efficiently, control
measures should be implemented and recorded.

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 ACTION PLAN RELATES TO CONTROL
MEASURE
RISK DESCRIPTION ACTION

15-25 HIGH A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the hazards as
detailed in the hierarchy of control. Actions taken must be
documented on the risk assessment form including date for
completion.

5-12 MEDIUM A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to controlling the

hazards applies temporary measure if required. Action taken must
be documented on the risk assessment form including date for
completion.

1-4 LOW A risk identified as LOW may be considered as acceptable and

further reduction may not be necessary. However, if the risk can be
resolved quickly and efficiently, control measures should be
implemented and recorded.
Based on Action Plan Table
Why we should….
High Risk Medium Risk Low Risk
• its should - • planned • implement
immediate approach to control
action to controlling measures
control the the hazards
hazards as applies
detailed in the temporary
hierarchy of measure
control
So, You must
plan wisely…
Purpose of proposing
Control Measure/Risk Control/ Preventive
Measure
• There is risk in every aspect of our lives
• in everyday activities (e.g. crossing a busy road)
• in our working lives (e.g. slips and trips at the office
• more serious accidents with machinery or working with hazardous
substances).

• What is necessary is to reduce those risks to an acceptable

level; another way of putting it is to reduce the risk to ‘As Low
As Reasonably Practicable’ (ALARP).

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Purpose of proposing
Control Measure/Risk Control/ Preventive Measure

• Means, the employers should adopt appropriate safety

measures unless the cost (in terms of money, time or trouble)
is grossly disproportionate to the risk reduction.

• Once all such measures have been adopted, the risks are said
to be ‘as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)’

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RISK LEVEL &
RISK VALUE
High Risk
= 15-25
Risk cannot be
justified on any
ground LEVEL
Low Risk OF Medium Risk
= 1-4 = 5-12
Risk is undertaken RISK Reduction impractical
ALARB if the benefit is desire Or
Cost/gain grossly
Reduce risk disproportionate

No need for detailed

action
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL MEASURE
MOST EFFECTIVE
ELIMINATION

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING CONTROL

ADMINISTRATION
CONTROL

PPE
LESS EFFECTIVE
TUTORIAL (PART 1)

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 Case study

Fig. 1 warehouse jobs Fig. 2 construction site

Severity of Accident Severity of Accident

• Musculoskeletal disorder such as back • Fall from height and hit to
pain concrete and dead

Likelihood of Accident Likelihood of Accident

• Once per day (1/day) • Once a year (1/yr)
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Instruction:
1. Identify the hazard present
2. Discover the risk level
3. Propose control measure based on hierarchy of
control measure

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GUIDELINES FOR PREPARE
HIRARC (DOSH, 2008)

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Table 1. Likelihood Level (DOSH, 2008)

Table 2. Severity Level (DOSH, 2008)

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RISK MATRIX (DOSH, 2008)

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 RISK MATRIX
RISK DESCRIPTION ACTION
15-25 HIGH A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the
hazards as detailed in the hierarchy of control. Actions
taken must be documented on the risk assessment form
including date for completion.
5-12 MEDIUM A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to
controlling the hazards applies temporary measure if
required. Action taken must be documented on the risk
assessment form including date for completion.
1-4 LOW A risk identified as LOW may be considered as acceptable
and further reduction may not be necessary. However, if
the risk can be resolved quickly and efficiently, control
measures should be implemented and recorded.

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 CONTINUATION OF TUTORIAL 1

Change Your Risk Assessment (Tutorial 1)

into Risk Assessment from HIRARC GUIDELINE

(DOSH, 2008)

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39
 Follow these steps….

Prepare Likelihood Prepare Severity Prepare Risk Matrix

Table Table (5x5)

Choosing the
Prepare Job Hazard highest risk case Prepare Action Plan
Analysis between Fig. 1 and Table
Fig. 2

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 Convert From Tutorial 1 into HIRARC GUIDELINE (DOSH,
2008)

*Student Finding *HIRARC Guideline

Scale Likelihood Justificat
system ion
1 Once a 2 years Unlikely
(1/2years)
2 Once a year Infrequent /
(1/year) un-sual to occur
3 Once a month Sometime
(1/month) s
4 Once a weeks Likely
(1/weeks)
5 Once a day Frequentl
(1/day) y occur
accident

Likelihood Justification Rating

Most Likely Once a 2 years (1/2years) 5
Possible Once a year (1/year) 4
Conceivable Once a month (1/month) 3
Remote Once a weeks (1/weeks) 2
Inconceivable Once a day 1 41
(1/day)
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

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 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)
• Job hazards analysis (JHA):
• Breaks a job task into specific steps
• Analyzes specific hazard
• Supervisor and workers must complete the JHA together
• There are 6 steps of JHA

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 JOB H SELECT JOB TASK

A IDENTIFY
MAJOR/CRITICAL
STEPS FROM WHOLE
STEPS

Z IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL

HAZARDS

A
DETERMINE PREVENTIVE
MEASURES

R DEVELOP A
TRAINING PROGRAM

ANALYSIS D RE-EVALUATION
 6 STEPS OF JHA
SELECT THE JOB TASK
• List the process/procedure/step of
selected job task
• The job step must be arrange
according to their proper sequence.
RE-EVALUATE
• Re-evaluate the job descriptions
based on the best
practice/guidelines
• Re-evaluate the job description
IDENTIFY
MAJOR/CRITICAL STEPS
FROM WHOLE STEPS
• Prioritize major/critical job tasks
based on – likelihood of accident
(frequently) or highly severe accident
(worst consequence)
DEVELOP A WORKER
TRAINING PROGRAM
• Reformat the JHA into a training
programme to help employee
eliminate/ reduce hazards.
IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL
HAZARDS
• Identify potential hazard expose
when doing that job task
DETERMINE PREVENTIVE
MEASURES TO PROTECT
AGAINST THE HAZARDS
• Identify suitable control measure
based on hierarchy of control
 EXAMPLE OF JHA
JOB TASK
Installing new street lighting using mobile crane

1. Process to lifting new street lighting to design position

2. Equipment inspection

3. Set up equipment

4. Installing street lighting

5. Housekeeping
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 EXAMPLE OF JHA
(Part of above case)
Selected Preventive Training
STEP HAZARDS Re-evaluate
Job Task Measure Program
Installing Step No. 1. • Improper • Obtain work • Training on • Re-evaluate the
new Process to lifting permit signed competent risk after
street lifting new equipme by safety, and person : conducting
lighting street nt supervisor. supervisor, training
using lighting to • High • Hire competent TMO
design traffic traffic
mobile position management
crane operator (TMO)

Step No. 2 Safety • Preparing • Training on • Re-evaluate the

Equipment hazard checklist for inspect all risk after
inspection (equipment crane lifting conducting
fall from inspection equipment( training
height) sling belt,
shackle)

Continous with others…

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