CELLULAR TELEPHONE

NETWORK
Lương Văn Khởi
K55 API
K195905228010
INTRODUCTION

• In the early years of mobile radio systems: a single high-powered

transmitter with the antenna mounted on tall tower is used provide a
large coverage
• this approach does not allow the reuse of the same radio frequencies
due to interference.
• The cellular concept was invented in solving the spectral congestion
and user capacity.
CELLULAR TELEPHONY

• Cellular telephony is a system-level concept, which replaces a single

high power transmitter with a large number of low-power transmitters
for communication between any two devices over a large geographic
area.
• Primary goal of the cellular telephone network is to provide wireless
communication between two moving devices, called mobile stations or
between one mobile unit and a stationary unit, commonly referred to as
land-line unit
COMPONENTS

• Mobile Stations (MS): Mobile handsets, which is used by an user to

communicate with another user
• Cell: small regions that divide cellular service area (5 to 20 Km)
• Base Stations (BS): Each cell contains an antenna, which is controlled
by a small office.
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC): a switching office that control each
base station
CELL
CELL

• To accommodate a large number of users over a large geographic area,

the cellular telephone system uses a large number of low-power
wireless transmitters to create cells.
• Cell size is not fixed and can be increased or decreased depending on
the population of the area and demand within a particular region.
• The typical radius of a cell is 1 to 12 mi.
• High-density areas require more, geographically smaller cells to meet
traffic demands than do low-density areas.
• Once determined, cell size is optimized to prevent the interference of
adjacent cell signals.
• The transmission power of each cell is kept low to prevent its signal
from interfering with those of other cells.
FREQUENCY-REUSE

• In general, neighboring cells cannot use the same set of frequencies for
communication because it may create interference.
• However, the set of frequencies available is limited
• Frequencies (channels) used in one cell can be reused in another cell
some distance away, which allows communication by a large number
stations using a limited number of radio frequencies.
• The basic concept of reuse allows a fixed number of channels to serve
an arbitrarily large number of users.
FREQUENCY-REUSE

• Each base station is given a group of radio channels to be used within a

cell.
• Base stations in neighbouring cells are assigned completely different set
of channel frequencies.
• the same set of channels may be used to cover different cells separated
from one another by a distance large enough to keep interference level
within tolerable limits
FREQUENCY-REUSE

• A frequency reuse pattern is a configuration of N cells, N being the

reuse factor, in which each cell uses a unique set of frequencies.
• When the pattern is repeated, the frequencies can be reused. There are
several different patterns. Cells with the same number use the same set
of frequencies, called reusing cells
HANDOFF

• It may happen that, during a conversation, the mobile station moves

from one cell to another.
• When it does, the signal may become weak.
• To solve this problem, the MSC monitors the level of the signal every
few seconds. If the strength of the signal diminishes, the MSC seeks a
new cell that can better accommodate the communication.
• The MSC then changes the channel carrying the call (hands the signal
off from the old channel to a new one).
TYPES OF HANDOFF

• Early systems used a hard handoff: In a hard handoff, a mobile station

only communicates with one base station. When the MS moves from
one cell to another, communication must first be broken with the
previous base station before communication can be established with the
new one. This may create a rough transition.
• New systems use a soft handoff: In this case, a mobile station can
communicate with two base stations at the same time. This means that,
during handoff, a mobile station may continue with the new base station
before breaking off from the old one
OPERATION

• The area (a city, or a part of town) is divided into a number of cells and
a base station within each cell.
• If a user (mobile phone) is within a particular cell, the call is handled by
the corresponding base station within that cell.
• The base station transmits the signal to the mobile switching center
(MTSO) which switches the signal to another base station, or to a
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) depending on the
destination of the call.
• As a user moves from one cell to another, the call is "handed over" to
the base station of the other cell.
OPERATION

• All base stations in a city are connected via a high-speed link to a

mobile telephone switching office (MTSO).
• The MTSO acts as a central controller for the network, allocating
channels within each cell, coordinating handoffs between cells when a
mobile traverses a cell boundary, and routing calls to and from mobile
users in conjunction with the public switched telephone network
(PSTN).
• A new user located in a given cell request a channel by sending a call
request to the cell's base station over a separate control channel. The
request is relayed to the MTSO, which accepts the call request if a
channel is available in that cell. If no channel is available, the call
request is rejected.
The end
Thank you