10th Grade

LIPIDS
Categories of Biomolecules
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Recognize the major categories of

biomolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
S10MT -IVc - d -22
 OBJECTIVES

01 02
identify biomolecules based on the result of
describe lipid and differentiate the two
physical and chemical tests or based on its
classes of lipids (simple and complex);
function;

03
realize the importance of lipids to our life
Complete the functions and food sources for carbohydrates.

Digested quickly
– Monosaccharide Apples • Strawberries
• Fructose • Glucose • Oranges • Carrots •
Beets
• Galactose
– Disaccharides
• Milk • Sucrose • Lactose Milk
• Maltose

Requires more work for body • Grains or grass seeds •

to digest Peas • Corn • Beans • Winter
– Polysaccharide squash • Potatoes
01 LIPIDS
Types of Biomolecules
-derived from a Greek Lipids
word “lipos” which means
fat
-- Lipids are diverse organic
compound, found to be water
insoluble (hydrophobic), but
they are found to be soluble in
fat solvent
-have the “job” of storing energy for later
use.
-Lipids are not generally classed as
macromolecules, even though they share
some features of macromolecules
-Lipids are molecules that consist of
hydrocarbons and bring up the building
blocks of the composition and function
of living cells.
Examples of lipids involve fats, oils,
waxes, certain vitamins (such as A, D, E
and K), hormones and nearly all the cell
membrane that is not made up of protein.

-A common lipid is made of 3

fatty acids chains connected to
a glycerol a type of alcohol.
The backbone of fats.
Characteristics of Lipids as compound

 They are insoluble in water.

 Solubility in one or more organic solvents, such as ether,
chloroform, Benzene, Acetone which are generally called as
fat "solvents".
 Some relationship to the fatty acids as esters either actual or
potential.
 Possibility of utilization by living organisms.
 Two types of fatty acids: Saturated and Unsaturated
1. Saturated fatty acids are
solid at room
temperature. They are
mostly found in animals.
Lard, margarine, and
butter are examples of
saturated fatty acids.
 Two types of fatty acids: Saturated and Unsaturated

1. Unsaturated fatty acids occur in

liquid state at room temperature.
They are found mostly in plants.
Vegetable oil and corn oil are
examples of unsaturated fatty
acids. Unsaturated fats are
believed to be healthier sources
of fats compared to saturated
forms.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
SIMPLE LIPIDS:
- Simple lipids are divided into two
classes namely, Neutral fats and
waxes. It contained esters of fatty
acids with various alcohols.

A. Neutral fats / True fats

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
Triacylglycerol is an example for
Neutral fats. Oils are fats in the liquid
state.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
B. waxes:
Waxes are esters of fatty acids with higher mono
hydroxy aliphatic alcohols. True waxes,
cholesterol esters and vitamin A and D esters are
example for waxes.
Waxes are found almost everywhere.
 Fruits and leaves of many plants have waxy
coatings, that can protect them from small
predators and dehydration.
 Fur of a few animals and the feathers of birds
keep same coatings serving as water repellants.
 Carnauba wax is known for its water resistance
and toughness (significant for car wax).
 COMPLEX LIPIDS:

- They are the esters of fatty acids

containing groups, other than and in
addition, to an alcohol and fatty acids.

A) Phospholipids: In addition to fatty

acids and alcohol presence, they also
contain phosphorous, nitrogenous bases
and other substitution groups. Lecithin
and cephalins are examples for
phospholipids.
 COMPLEX LIPIDS:

B) Glycolipids:
 Lipids containing carbohydrates are
referred as glycolipids. They contain a
special alcohol moiety called
sphingosine or sphingol and
nitrogenous base. They do not have
phosphorous.
 Gangliosides and cerebrosides are
examples of compounds lipids
COMPLEX LIPIDS:
C) Sulpholipids:
 Lipids with sulfate groups are referred as sulpholipids
 Also called sulfatides or cerebroside sulfate
 Present in low levels in kidney , liver , lungs , spleen, skeletal muscle and
heart
 its function is not yet established
COMPLEX LIPIDS:

D) Lipoproteins:
 When lipids contain protein
then they are known as
lipoproteins.
 It is biochemical assembly
that contains both protein
and lipids , bound to the
protein which allows fats to
move through the water
inside and outside cell
 Examples of Lipoproteins

 chylomicrons also known as ultra-

low-density lipoproteins (ULDL),
are lipoprotein particles that consist of
triglycerides.
 Triglycerides are fat molecules that
make up most of your body fat and the
fat found in food.
• High triglyceride levels can increase
your risk for heart disease, stroke, and
nerve damage. There is a link between
chronically elevated triglyceride levels
and atherosclerosis as well as insulin
resistance
Examples of Lipoproteins

 VLDL-Very-low-density lipoprotein is produced in the liver and released into

the bloodstream to supply body tissues with a type of fat (triglycerides).
 HDL- High-density lipoproteins “Good cholesterol”, is stable and carries a
“bad cholesterol” away from the arteries.

 LDL- Low-density lipoproteins “Bad Cholesterol.

Trans fat free, it does not mean it is free of trans fats. It means the food has
less than 0.5g of trans fat per serving.
F u n c ti o n s o f l i p i d s i n l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s :
 Sources and storage of energy. Lipids provide twice as
much as energy per pound as carbohydrates.

 Essential parts of cell structures such as cell membranes.

 An insulating material to prevent heat loss and protection

against extreme cold.
 F u n c ti o n s o f l i p i d s i n l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s :

 Serves as solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormones.

 Prevents water loss from skin surface. The thin layer of oil secreted by
sebaceous glands in the skin prevents the evaporation of water.
Test for Lipids
The occurrence of lipids can be determined applying Sudan III indicator. Sudan
Indicators are fat-loving molecules that are colored. When testing a solution for
lipids there are two findings you should be looking for:
1. Do you get a separation of layers (water & lipid)?, and
2. Does the dye migrate toward one of the layers?

If the combinations are all water soluble (no lipids

present), then the Sudan IV will form small
micelles/droplets and disperse throughout the solution.
A positive end result will see the lipid layer be placed
on top of the water layer and the lipids layer will have a
red-orange color
“To ensure good health: eat
lightly, breathe deeply, live
moderately, cultivate
cheerfulness, and maintain an
interest in life.”
- UNKNOWN-