ANATOMI&HISTOLOGI KULIT,

NERVE
BALQIS AL KHANSA
10100117104
 Comparison of thick
Comparison andand
of thick thin
thinskin
skin

Thick skin Thin skin

•Location Palm and soles Rest of the body
•Total thickness ³ 0.8 – 1.4 mm £ 0.07 – 1.12 mm
•Epidermis
Str. Corneum Thick (15 - > 40 layers) Thin 10 – 20 layers
Str. Lucidum + -
Str. Granulosum Continues Discontinuous
Str. Basale > merkel’s cells < merkel’s cells
Dermatoglyphics + -
Dermis
Hair follicle - + (except in glans penis,
labia minora, clitoris, lip)
Sebaceous glands Fewer More
Eccrine sweat glands More Fewer
Elastic fibers Fewer More
Meissner’s corpuscles +++ +

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 INTEGUMENTUM
INTEGUMENTUM

1. Stratum corneum 10. Desquamating

layer
2. Stratum lucidum 11. Sections through
3. Stratum the duct of a sweat
granulosum gland (sudoriferous
gland)
4. Stratum spinosum

12. Cell in mitosis

5. Basal layer 13. Tactile corpuscle
(stratum basale) (Meissner’s
corpuscle)
6. Dermal papilla 14. Dermal papillae
7. Cell with
keratohyalin
granules
15. Dermis
8. Cells of the
stratum spinosum
9. Intercellular
bridges

Thick skin, palm : superficial layers 3

 SKIN LAYER

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis/subcutan
 EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMIS

Ectoderm
Keratinized stratified squamous epiithelium/keratinocyte
Avascular
Unencapsulated nerve endings

Five strata's :
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale

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 EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMIS

1. Two major cell populations :

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes

2. Minor cell populations :

Langerhan’s cells
Merkel’s cells

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1. Stratum basale = stratum germinativum
Columnar basophilic
Single layer
Desmoses
Hemidesmoses
Intermediate keratin filament

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2. Stratum spinosum
◦ Polygonal Slightly flattened
◦ Tonofibril insert into the
desmosomes
◦ spiny appearance

◦ Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

malphigian layers mitosis
3. Stratum Granulosum
3 – 5 layers
Flattened polygonal
Basophilic keratonyalin granules
Ovoid lamellar granules (glycosaminoglycaus
and phospholipids) sealing from :
External environment
Protection from dehydration

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3. Stratum Lucidum
◦ Acidophilic
◦ Translucent flattened
◦ Nuclei, organelles
◦ Dense cytokeratin embedded in matrix (from keratin
◦ granules) called eleidin
5. Stratum Corneum
Dead cells
Plate like
Enucleate
Thickened plasma membrane
Mature keratin / scleroprotein
exfoliated

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 LANGERHAN’S CELLS
- Star shaped gold chloride
- Mesodermal
- Stratum spinosum
- Lack tonofilaments
- Birbeck granule antigen presenting cells

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MERKEL’S CELLS

Scattered in stratum basale

 thick skin
Basal  free nerve endings (disk
like)
Function sensory mechanoreceptor
Dermal
Dermal Epidermal
Epidermal Junction
Junction

1. Basement membrane
2. Dermal papillae
3. Epidermal ridges

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 Dermis
Dermis

Vascular connective tissue

Origin : Mesoderm
Papillary layer
Reticular layer

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 DERMIS
DERMIS

- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous and sweat glands
A. Papillary layer
Loose connective tissue
>> elastic fibers
Collagen fibers
Dermal papilla
Free nerve endings
Meisner corpuscles
B. Reticular layer
> thicker
Irregular connective tissue
Richly vascularized
>> arteriouvenous anastomoses
Nerves free and encapsulated
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 NERVE TISSUE
Anatomical the nervous
system is divided into :

1. Central nervous system

• Brain
• Spinal cord

2. Peripheral nervous system

• Nerve fibers
• Nerve ganglia

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Nerve tissue consists of 2 cell type :
1.Nerve cell (neuron)
2.Glial cell (neuroglia, supporting cell)

• Astrocytes

• Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cell

• Microglia

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Cell Body (Perikaryon)
Bagian neuron yang memiliki nucleus dan dikelilingi oleh sitoplasma exclusive of
the cell processes.
Merupakan bagian yang utama / a trophic center, meskipun kebanyakan Perikaryon
juga menerima sejumlah besar ujung saraf yang menyampaikan impuls atau
penghambatan yang dihasilkan dalam sel-sel saraf lainnya
euchromatic (pale-staining)

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 Cell Body (Perikaryon)

The chromatin is finely dispersed, reflecting the intense synthetic activity of these
cells.
Nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance)
RER and free ribosomes appear under the light microscope as clumps of basophilic
material called (pada pewarnaan yang sesuai)

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30
Schematic drawing of a Nissl-stained motor neuron

- The myelin sheath is diproduksi oleh

oligodendrocytes in CNS dan oleh
Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous
system.

- The neuronal cells body memiliki

nukleus eukromatik yang besar dan
tidak biasa dengan nukleolus yang
berkembang dengan

- The perikaryon mempunyai Nissl

bodies, yang juga ditemukan pada
dendrit. An axon from another neuron is
shown at upper right. It has 3 end bulbs,
one of which forms a synapse with the
neuron. Note also to striates skeletal
muscle fibers. Arrows show the
direction of the nerve impulse.
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Dendrites
◦ Dendrites (Gr. dendron, tree) biasanya pendek dan terbagi menjadi beberapa cabang
◦ Signal reception and processing sites on neurons.
◦ Diestimasikan terdapat sampai 200,000 axonal terminations establish functional
contact with the dendrites of a single large Purkinje cell of the cerebellum.
◦ Komposisi cytoplasmic terdiri dari dendrite base = neuron body, ( Golgi complexes
- ).
◦ highly plastic

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Axons

◦ Most neurons have only one axon

◦ very long processes (up to 100 cm)
◦ axon hillock, axolemma, and its contents are known as axoplasm

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 Myelin

o Dibentuk oleh Schwann cells in the PNS and

oligodendrocytes in the CNS
o Mengandung special cell adhesion proteins and lipids
which differ between the CNS and PNS
o Fungsinya untuk meningkatkan kecepatan konduksi
o Occurs in small units with a space between termed the
node of Ranvier

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3 Jenis Neuron Utama
◦ Neuron multipolar  > 2 juluran satu axon, yang lainnya dendrit

◦ Neuron bipolar  satu axon satu dendrit

◦ Neuron pseudounipolar  satu juluran dekat perikarion bercabang 2

3 Jenis Neuron Utama
 Tdp di :
Tdp di :
Dorsal root Tdp di :
Vestbular
ganglia Piramidal cell
Cohlear ganglia
Cranial nerve Purkinje cell
Plfactory/nasal
ganglia

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Neuroglia

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 Gray mattaer White mattaer

Fungsinya sama, lingkungan berbeda

Two types of astrocyte have been identified. Fibrous astrocytes

are most evident in the white matter and have long cell
processes, which are rich in bundles of GFAP. Protoplasmic
astrocytes are most evident in the grey matter of the brain and 39
have long thin processes containing few bundles of GFAP.
ASTROCYTES

FIGURE 6.12 Astrocytes.

Micrograph stained by an immunoperoxidase method
to show glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the
intermediate filament of astrocytes. The astrocyte is
stained brown and shows the characteristic stellate
morphology.
 NEUROGLIA

1. Perivascular
fibrous astrocyte

3. Oligodendrocytes
2. Processes of the
perivascular
fibrous astrocyte 4. Vascular pedicle
(foot plate) of a fibrous
astrocyte

5. Fibrous astrocyte
cells body and
nucleus
6. Processes of a
fibrous astrocyte

7. Reticular fibers
surrounding a capillary

Fibrous
FibrousAstrocytes
Astrocytesof
of the
thebrain
brain 41
Oligodendrocytes

◦ Memiliki sedikit juluran yang membungkus axon

◦ Menghasilkan selubung mielin yang membentuk
penyekat listrik pada susunan saraf pusat
• Oligodendrosit sedang membungkus
axon.

• Satu oligodendrosit bisa membungkus

beberapa axon

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Microglia

◦ Sel kecil berbentuk memanjang dengan juluran-juluran

pendek irregular
◦ Inti sel panjang dan padat
◦ Merupakan Sel fagosit mononukleus, sel pengenal
antigen (APC), makrofage
 Ependymal Cell

◦ Sel epitel kolumner rendah bersilia. Cilia diduga berfungsi sebagai penggerak
LCS.
◦ Melapisi rongga-rongga Susunan saraf pusat
Neuron di jaringan saraf

Neuron
STRUKTUR SSP
Substantia Alba/putih
Komponen utamanya axon yang
bermielin dan oligodendrosit yang
memproduksi mielin
Tidak mengandung badan sel neuron
Substantia grisea/kelabu
Mengandung badan sel neuron, dendrit,
bagian awal axon, dan sel glia
Terdapat di korteks (di otak :permukaan,
medulla spinalis : central )
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Substansia kelabu

A : Astrocytes
N : Neurones
O : Oligodendrocytes
◦ Pada korteks cerebri, substansia kelabu terdiri dari 6 lapis sel

◦ Pada korteks cerebelli, substansia kelabu terdiri dari 3 lapis sel

 NEUROGLIA

1. Neuron 4. Protoplasmic
astrocyte

2. Oligodendrocyte
type II

5. Oligodendrocyte
type I
3. Capillary
6. Oligodendrocyte
processes
surrounding
nerve fibers

Oligodendrocytes of the brain

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 NEUROGLIA

1. Microglia 3. Neuron cell

body

4. Microglia : cell
body

5. Microglial
processes showing
the characteristic
2. Endothelial cell “spiny” appearance
of a capillary
6. Capillary

7. Erythrocytes in
a capillary

Microglia
Microgliaof
ofthe
thebrain
brain 51
Functions of the Skin
 Skin is first and foremost a barrier
 Its main functions include:
• Protection
• Cutaneous sensations
• Metabolic functions
• Blood reservoir
• Excretion of wastes
• Body temperature regulation
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Protection

 Skin is exposed to microorganisms,

abrasions, temperature extremes, and
harmful chemicals
 Constitutes three barriers:
• Physical barrier
• Chemical barrier
• Biological barrier
Physical Barrier
 Keratinized cells of stratum corneum:
• Resistance to trauma and infection
• Surrounded by glycolipids, block most water
and water-soluble substances
 Some chemicals have limited penetration of skin
• Lipid-soluble substances
• Plant oleoresins (e.g., poison ivy)
• Organic solvents (acetone, paint thinner)
• Salts of heavy metals (lead, mercury)
• Some drugs (nitroglycerin)
• Drug agents (enhancers that help carry other drugs 54
Chemical Barrier
 Sweat, sebum and
defensin, which contains
antimicrobial proteins
 Acid mantle (pH 4-6) :
low pH of skin retards
bacterial multiplication
 Melanin provides a
chemical barrier against
UV radiation damage
Biological Barriers
 Epidermis contains phagocytic cells
• Dendritic cells of epidermis engulf foreign antigens
(invaders) and present to white blood cells, activating
the immune response
 Dermis contains macrophages
• Macrophages also activate immune system by
presenting foreign antigens to white blood cells
 DNA can absorb harmful UV radiation,
converting it to harmless heat
Cutaneous Sensations
Cutaneous
sensory receptors
• Exteroreceptors
respond to stimuli
outside body, such
as temperature
and touch
• Free nerve
endings sense
painful stimuli
Metabolic Functions

 Skin can synthesize vitamin D needed for

calcium absorption in intestine
 Chemicals from keratinocytes can disarm
some carcinogens
 Keratinocytes can activate some hormones
– Example: convert cortisone into hydrocortisone
 Skin makes collagenase, which aids in natural
turnover of collagen to prevent wrinkles
Blood Reservoir

 Skin can hold up to 5% of the body’s total

blood volume
 Skin vessels can be constricted to shunt
blood to other organs, such as an exercising
muscle
Excretion

 Skin can secrete limited amounts of

nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia,
urea, and uric acid
 Sweating can cause salt and water loss
Body Temperature Regulation
 Insensible perspiration
• Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum
corneum (~500 ml/day)
 Sensible perspiration
• Water excreted by sweat glands
 Water loss is inhibited by stratum corneum
 Water loss can be accelerated by:
o Damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns and blisters
[insensible perspiration])
o Immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis])
Thermoregulation

To conserve heat

 Constrict superficial blood
vessels to keep warm
blood away from surface
 Continuous fat layer acts
as insulation
To cool skin
 Sweat evaporation
 Dilate superficial blood
vessels to release heat
Thermoregulation

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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation

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Thermoregulation

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Functions of Hair

 Body hair (too thin to provide warmth)

 alert us to parasites crawling on skin

 Scalp hair  heat retention and sunburn cover

 Beard, pubic and axillary hair

 indicate sexual maturity

 Guard hairs and eyelashes

 prevent foreign objects from getting into nostrils, ear canals or
eyes
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
Functions of Nail

Protect fingers and toes

 Made of dead cells

packed with keratin

 Metabolic disorders can

change nail structure
Sweat Glands

 Assist body in
maintaining internal
temperature
 Create cooling effect
when sweat evaporates
 Excretes water and
electrolytes
 Flushes microorganisms
and harmful chemicals
from skin
Sebaceous Glands

Produce sebum
Hair shaft lubricant
Lubricates the skin
surface
Skin waterproofing
Inhibits bacteria
Interactions with The Integumentary System
The Epidermis

◦ Multilayered, flexible, self-repairing

barrier
◦ Prevents fluid loss
◦ Protects from UV radiation
◦ Produces vitamin D3
◦ Resists abrasion, chemicals, and
pathogens
The Dermis

◦ Provides mechanical strength, flexibility

and protection
◦ Highly vascularized
◦ Contains many types of sensory
receptors