CGM POT VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Package of
Technology on
Vegetable
Production
MERCY S. BALANCAR
Top Plaza Hotel, Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte
Office of the Provincial Agriculturist
July 13, 2022
Upper Turno, Dipolog City
Zamboanga del Norte
IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES
Why Plant Vegetables ?
CREATES JOB ALLEVIATE GENERATE HIGHER

MALNUTRITION INCOME

Why Plant Vegetables? Business Opportunity
Ampalaya Eggplant
No. of hills = 5,000 hills @ 2 kgs/hill No. of hills = 10,000 hills @ 2.5 kgs/hill
Total harvest (1 hectare) = 10,000 kg Total harvest (1 hectare) = 25,000 kg
1 kilo = Php 35.00/ kg 1 kilo = Php 25.00/ kg
Total Sales = Php 350,000.00 Total Sales = Php 625,000.00
Less: Less:
Expenses = Php 50,000.00 Expenses = Php 50,000.00
Net Income = Php 300,000.00 Net Income = Php 575,000.00
Growing Period = 3 months Growing Period = 3 months
Number of cycles/yr =3 Number of cycles/yr =2
Net Income/year = Php 900,000.00 Net Income/year = Php 1,150,000.00

Why Plant Vegetables? Source of Nutrition
Malnutrition heat map based on 0 to <60 months cut-off by the World Health
Organization. Based on prevalence of Stunting from 61-120 months children
of 5-10 years from 2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children
and Other Population Groups Survey of FNRI-DOST. (https://news.abs-
cbn.com/advertorial/life/12/20/17)

PHILIPPINES: Lowest Vegetable Consumption
Effects of low vegetable

consumption:
• Malnutrition – 3 out of 10
school children are
malnourished
• Increased incidence of heart
diseases, diabetes, cancer,
stroke, etc
There is a need to augment and increase

vegetable production….

IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES
Why Eat Vegetables?
Eating vegetables provides health

benefits
Vegetables provide nutrients

vital for health and maintenance
of your body.
https://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/human-resources/staff-
wellbeing/wellbeing-a-z/nutrition/

Top Health and Nutritional Benefits of Vegetables
Lowers the cholesterol & Creates a youthful glow Improving vision

risk of heart disease - Vegetables prevent signs - Zeaxanthin & Lutein are
- dietary fiber found in of aging, maintain young & responsible for the good
vegetables lower blood supple skin effects on our eye health
cholesterol & risk of heart - Lycopene in tomato has a
disease natural sunscreen

Top Health and Nutritional Benefits of Vegetables
Protect the bones Lowers risk of cancer Generates wellness

- Vegetables have Calcium, - Vitamin C found in most - Vegetables improve mental
Vit.D, Magnesium, Prebiotic vegetables play a vital role health, reduce stress & stir-
fiber, Bone-building Vits. K as a block to cancers & up happy mood
& Potassium other diseases

PLANTING OPERATION

Site selection
• This is very necessary in vegetative crop
production. Wrong site selection, affects the
production.
• The site selection should be based on the
following:
• Soil type
• Topography of the site
• Water availability

Soil type
• It is the physical
composition of the
soil. Vegetables grow
well in good soil. It
grows well in soft soil
and this makes the
roots of vegetables
grow deep into the
soil.

Topography of the site
• These are the physical characteristics of a site such as
soil depth, drainage ability, fertility of the soil etc.
Steep slopes do not suit vegetable production.

Water availability
• Vegetables require a lot of water to grow.
Availability of water for irrigation is very
important for vegetable crop production.

Selection of varieties
• Vegetable selected for
production must have high
resistance to many diseases.
Healthy seeds or plant material .

Land preparation
• Plowing to "till" or dig-up, mix, and
overturn the soil;
• Harrowing to break the soil clods into
smaller mass and
incorporate plant residue, and
• Leveling the field. Initial land
preparation begins after your last
harvest or during fallow period.

SEED - SEEDLING
MANAGEMENT

TYPE OF SEEDS
OPEN POLLINATED HYBRID
 Come from plants that are Produced by companies through

naturally pollinated by carefully pollination of two
insects, bird, wind, specific varieties by human
humans, or other natural intervention
mechanisms
 Produce by succeeding
generation

BENEFITS
OPEN POLLINATED
SEEDS
Save your seeds Low-cost Superior flavor

BENEFITS
HYBRID SEEDS
Uniform quality of fruits
Strong field performance
High yielding
Tolerance/resistant to
pest & diseases

Characteristics of good quality sowing medium
 Good water holding capacity

 Free from soil-borne disease
 Free from toxic chemicals

PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENT
CUCURBITS (AMPALAYA, KALABASA, PIPINO, UPO, WATERMELON)
Ragdoll Method
 Soak the seeds in clean

water for 4 hours
 Wash the seeds and

place in a clean & moist
cloth
 Maintain the moisture

of the cloth for 1-3 days
until the seed ready for
sowing
DIFFERENT WAYS OF SEED SOWING
Direct sowing

Sowing in bed

Sowing in plastic seedling tray

Sowing in “Lokong” (Banana leaves)

Sowing in bamboo cut

ADVANTAGES OF PROPER SEED SOWING
Early establishment of seedlings in the field

High quality and uniformity of seedlings

High survival rate in the field

SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
SEEDLING NURSERY
 Protection from stray

animals
 Prevent stem
elongation by
exposing seedlings to
partial sunlight
 To avoid intense
sunlight

SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
SEEDLING NURSERY

SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
SEEDLING NURSERY

SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
Spray fungicide or insecticide if necessary

SEEDLING HARDENING
 Slowly exposing seedling under

the sun
 Minimize water application
 Solanaceous:
1 week before transplanting
 Cucurbits:
3-5 days before transplanting

TRANSPLANTING

TRANSPLANTING
Transfer of seedlings from seedbed to its

permanent location in the field.

TRANSPLANTING
CUCURBITS
(Ampalaya, Pipino, Patola, Upo, Watermelon)
10 to 12 days after sowing
Presence of 2-3 true leaves

TRANSPLANTING
SOLANACEOUS
(Eggplant, Sweet pepper, Hot pepper, Tomato)
21 to 30 days after sowing
Presence of 4-5 true leaves

Steps in Transplanting
Select for good and healthy seedlings

Put the seedlings in the holes
Early in the morning or late in the afternoon

Cover the holes with garden soil or organic fertilizer
ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Water the seedlings after transplanting

Cover the newly transplanted seedlings with Coconut leaves

Disadvantages of over-matured seedlings
 Slower growth
 Much prone to
transplanting shock

Planting distance and Lay-out
Eggplant & Tomato
0.75m x 1.0m (without plastic mulch)

0.75m x 0.75m x 1.0m (with plastic mulch)

Hot pepper & Sweet pepper
0.5m x 1.0m (without plastic mulch)

0.5m x 0.5m x 1.0m (with plastic mulch)

Ampalaya
0.5m x 4.0m (with or without plastic mulch)

Ridge gourd, Cucumber, String
beans, French beans
0.5m x 1.0m (with or without plastic

mulch)

Bulb onion
0.10 cm x 0.10 cm (with or without plastic

mulch)

TRELLISING
TRELLIS
A framework of light
materials/structures to
support shrub and
climbing vegetables

The importance and advantages of
trellising in vegetables
1. Support plants against strong wind and typhoon
2. Maximize space
3. Air circulation
4. Monitor pests easily
5. Prevent fruits touching ground
6. Harvest fruits easily
7. Easy to perform maintenance activities

When is the time to trellis?
 Cucurbits, install trellis before or soon after

transplanting
 Solanaceous, within 2 weeks after transplanting

Pruning
 Method of removing plant

parts that is unnecessary for
its growth
 Cutting away dead parts and

new shoots of the plants
 Removal of damaged plant

part/s

Pruning
Why it is important?
 Encourage lateral branching
 Control size of the plant
 Improve light and air

circulation within the plant
 Avoid the spread of diseases
 Improve size and quality of

fruits

Pruning
 Use clean and sharp scissor
 Bring collecting pail/bag with you
 Dispose pruned parts properly
 Avoid pruning during wet condition

Questions?
Cl
Mg
FERTILIZ
Fe ER
MANAGE
B
MENT
CIRILO G. MAATA
S
Fe Upper Turno, Dipolog City
Zamboanga del Norte
1 Plant Nutrition and Plant Fertilization
2 Source and Importance of Nutrients
3 Classification of Nutrients
OUT
LINE 4 Factors Affecting Fertilization
5 Fertilizer Application
6 Deficiency Diagnosis

Plant Nutrition
The elements/nutrients needed by
plants and function
Plant Fertilization
The addition/application of nutrients
in the soil for the plant.

Sunlight/light
Light provides nutrients to our plants

indirectly thru the process of
photosynthesis.
Air
Air provides CO2 which is needed in the

process of photosynthesis.
Soil
Soil provides water and nutrients to the

plants.

WHE
RE Take care of your soil,
and the soil will take
FOO care of your plants.
D 95% of our food comes from the soil.
BEGI Soil provides structural support to plants.
NS
Plants get most of its nutrients from the
soil.

Based on
Macro &
Concentrati
Micro
on
Nutrients

Structural Elements

Macronutrients
• Involved in photosynthesis. • Promotes root growth. • Improved quality of fruit and

• Promotes rapid growth. • Promotes seedling growth. seeds.
• Increase leaf size and quality. • Involved in fruit development • Improves drought resistance.
• Hastens crop maturity. and ripening. • Increases disease resistance.
• Promotes fruit and seed • Helps plants to resist diseases
development.
Macronutrients
• Base for neutralizing organic • Regulates the uptake of P and • Promotes nodule formation in
acids. Fe. legumes.
• Increase fruit set. • Key element of chlorophyll • Aids in seed production.
• Stimulates microbial activity. production • Integral part of amino acids.
• Needed in production of new • Activator and component of • Necessary in chlorophyll
growing points and root tips. many plant enzymes. formation.
Micronutrients
• Component of enzymes linked • Root and pollen elongation. • Forms the enzymes.
to energy transfer, nitrogen • Seed formation even under • Aids in the formation of legume
reduction, and fixation. stressful condition. nodules.
• Catalyst to chlorophyll
production.

Micronutrients
• Chlorophyll production. • Osmotic adjustment • Increase sugar content.

• Carbohydrate production. • Suppression of plant diseases. • Improves fruit flavor.
• Seed formation. • Stomatal regulation. • Cell wall strengthening and
prevention from wilting.

Micronutrients
• Activates metabolic reactions.

• Increase P and Ca availability.
• Component of an enzyme.

Mobile Based on
and Mobility in
Immobile Plants
Nutrients
Nutrient Mobile in plants
Nitrogen (N) Yes
Phosphorus (P) Yes
Potassium (K) Yes
Calcium (Ca) No
Magnesium (Mg) Yes
Sulfur (S) No

Nutrient Mobile in plants
Boron (B) No
Chlorine (Cl) Yes
Copper (Cu) No
Iron (Fe) No
Manganese (Mn) No
Molybdenum (Mo) Yes
Nickel (Ni) No
Zinc (Zn) No
Cobalt (Co) No

Organic Based on
and Source of
Synthetic Availability
Fertilizers
Advantages
• May supply microelements
• Serves as fertilizer and soil
conditioner
• Indigenous materials
Disadvantag
es
• Source of pathogens and weed seeds
• Availability is limited
• Uncertain composition
• Slow release
Advantages
• Known content
• Fast acting
• Concentrated
Disadvantag
es
• Can be costly
• High risk of leaching and volatilization
• Do not provide food for microorganisms
and earthworms.

Factors Affecting
Fertilization
Too low amount of Antagonism and
nutrients in the soil Synergism
Leibig’s Law of the

Soil pH
Minimum
Losses due to:

• Volatilization
• Leaching
• Runoff
Leibig’s Law C
Fe
of the B P
Mg
N
S
Minimum
Growth is limited by the scarcest
nutrient, not the total nutrients
K
available.

Antagonism and
Synergism

SYNERGISM
The response of
plants to one nutrient
increases with an
increase in the level
of the other nutrient.
ANTAGONIS
M
The response of
decreases with an

SYNERGISM
The response of
increases with an
Magnesium (Mg)
ANTAGONIS
M
Molybdenum (Mo)
The response of
decreases with an Nitrogen (N)

SYNERGISM
The response of Potash (K)

increases with an
of the other nutrient. Copper (Cu)
ANTAGONIS
M
Boron (B)
The response of
decreases with an Nitrogen (N)

Soil pH
Soil pH affects nutrient availability
by changing the form of the nutrient
in the soil.

Volatilization, Leaching, &
Runoff

•Soil pH: At a soil pH of 9.3, half of the ammonium in the soil is converted to
ammonia and subject to volatilization loss. Generally, a pH greater than 7.5
allows for considerable loss of ammonia due to volatilization.
•Type of fertilizer: Urea fertilizers experience greater losses due to
volatilization than ammonium fertilizers.
• However, if an ammonium fertilizer forms insoluble calcium compounds
in the soil, the ammonium fertilizer will have greater volatilization losses
than urea.
•Method of fertilizer placement: Broadcasting the fertilizer over the surface of
the soil increases the losses due to volatilization. Incorporation into the soil
reduces losses.
•Soil Temperature: The occurrence of volatilization increases as soil
temperatures increase to 113 degrees Fahrenheit
•Soil Moisture: Evaporation promotes volatilization. Thus, volatilization is
greatest as the soil dries after reaching field capacity.
•Buffering Capacity: Volatilization is less in well-buffered soils.
•Crop Residues: Crop residues that are not incorporated into the soil may
increase the rate of volatilization.
•Manure: If not incorporated, nitrogen from manure sources can undergo
volatilization.

THE FOUR R’S OF FERTILIZER
MANAGEMENT
RIGHT RIGHT RIGHT RIGHT

SOURCE RATE TIME PLACE

1. RIGHT
SOURCE
• What nutrients do my crops
need?
• Should I use synthetic or organic
fertilizer?
• What are the available fertilizers
do I have?
• Should I use foliar fertilizer?
• What fertilizer can give the plants
the nutrients it need at the least
cost?

2. RIGHT
RATE
• How much of these nutrients do
my crops need?

Practical Guide
Remember the N:K ratio for each
stage.
Vegetative: high N, low K
Generative: low N, high K

FERTILIZER RATE: TOMATO

3. RIGHT
TIME
• When will the crops need the
nutrient?
• What is the forecasted weather on
that day?
• What is the growth stage of the
crops? Fertilization
Schedule

FERTILIZER SCHEDULE: TOMATO

4. RIGHT
PLACE
• Where can the crop absorb the
nutrients?
• What is the growth stage of the
crops?
• What is the soil type?
• What is the slope of the area?

Practical Guide
*Put the fertilizer parallel to the end
of the canopy of the plant.
*Or ≈4 inches away from the stem
during vegetative stage and ≈7-9
inches away from the stem during
generative stage.

FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Is it the right place?

Right application
method?

FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Is it the right place? Right application method?

THE 4Rs OF FERTILIZATION
Make nutrients available the

time plant need them. Proper placing where
nutrients can be taken easily
by the plant.

Methods of Fertilizer Application
Broadcasting Placement Foliar Fertigation

Broadcasting
Basal Application
Fertilizer application is before
sowing, during sowing, or during
planting.
Top Dressing
Fertilizer application is done when
the crops are already established in
the field

Advantages
• Fast
• Low labor cost
Disadvantag
es
• Poor application uniformity
• Weeds can benefit from the fertilizer
applied
• Nutrient loss may happen
Placement
Deep Placement
Fertilizer is placed in the soil deep
enough that it is not easily lost
through run-off. It is common on
paddy fields.
Localized Placement
Fertilizer is placed close to the plant
in order to supply nutrients to the
growing roots of the plant.

Advantages
• High nutrient use efficiency
Disadvantag
es
• High labor cost
• Takes time

Application of
Liquid Fertilizers
Foliar Application
Spraying of fertilizer solutions
containing one or more nutrients on
the foliage of growing plants.
Fertigation
Application of water soluble fertilizers
through irrigation water.

Advantages
• Rapid uptake
Foliar • Absorption is not affected by
soil
Application
Disadvantag
es
• May cause serious damage if
solution is not controlled

Advantages
• Very high nutrient use
efficiency
Fertigation
Disadvantag
es
• High initial expense
• Risk of uneven application in
windy situation.

New Leaves:
Bocan
Copzirman
Old Leaves:
N-P-K
Magmo

OLDER LEAVES
Symptoms on lower Symptoms starts on lower leaves

leaves only only going to the whole plant
Leaves appear Plant is light

Overall yellowing with Dark green or reddish-
pale/yellow in green. Yellowing
lower yellowing and purple color on older
color. Interveinal and distortion of
drying to brown leaves
chlorosis older leaves
Chlorotic areas with a burning of

leaf margins; spotting sometimes
along leaf margins
Mg K P
Mo N
NEW LEAVES
Chlorosis; terminal Necrosis; terminal

bud remains bud dies
Chlorosis Interveinal
spreads to chlorosis Leaves become Necrotic edges,
entire plant light green and curling of young
distorted leaves
Stunted. Leaves dark Stems shortened Stems not Chlorosis at base
green and distorted and rosetted shortened. of leaves & leaves
Rosetted are bleached
Develop
necrotic leaves Ca
N Cu Zn Mn Fe N
-Yellowing of leaf margins
-Symptom is visible on older
leaves

-Purpling of leaves
-Symptom is seen at the
older leaves.

Precautions in identifying nutrient stress
symptoms:
1. Many symptoms appear similar.
2. Multiple deficiencies and/or toxicities can occur at
the same time.
3. Crop species, and even some cultivars of the same
species, differ in their ability to adapt to nutrient
deficiencies and toxicities.
Precautions in identifying nutrient stress
symptoms:
4. Pseudo (false) deficiency symptoms (visual
symptoms appearing similar to nutrient deficiency
symptoms).
5.Hidden hunger.
6.Field symptoms appear different than ‘ideal’
symptoms.
INSECT PEST
IDENTIFICATION
AND
MANAGEMENT

What is insect?
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class insecta
75% of animal group in the

world are insects
10% noted as pests

Insect characteristics
3 pairs of Compound 1 pair of

3 body regions
jointed legs eyes antennae

Life cycle of an insect
3 Stages
4-7 weeks
2 weeks

Life cycle of an insect
3-12 days
4 Stages
3-5 days
20-30 days

Ways of feeding
Chewers Miners and borers Suckers

Insects are beneficial or pest?
Beneficial Pest

INSECT PEST
IDENTIFICATION &
MANAGEMENT

COMMON
CHEWING INSECTS

DIAMONDBACK
MOTH
CROPS AFFECTED
o Crucifers
o Brassicas
PART OF PLANTS AFFECTED
o Leaves
MANAGEMENT & CONTROL

o Regular monitoring
o Removal of infected plants
o Weeding
o Biological control & Microbial
insecticide (Trichogramma, sp. BT
o Plant mustard (trap crop)
o Spray insecticides
LEAF FOLDER
CROPS AFFECTED
o Cucurbits

o Leaves

o Remove affected parts & larvae
o Using light trap

SEMI LOOPER
CROPS AFFECTED
o Crucifers
o Leafy

o Leaves

o Remove affected parts & larvae
o Using light trap

FLEA BEETLE
CROPS AFFECTED
o Crucifers
o Solanaceous

o Leaves

o Remove infected plants
o Weeding
o Use microbial insecticide (BT)

CUTWORM
CROPS AFFECTED
o All vegetables
o Leaves

o Removal of adult larvae
o Deep plowing

SQUASH BEETLE
CROPS AFFECTED
o Cucurbits
o Leaves

o Deep plowing

SPOTTED BEETLE
CROPS AFFECTED
o Solanaceous
o Leaves

o Plowing & harrowing

COMMON MINER & BORER
INSECTS

FRUITWORM
CROPS AFFECTED
o Cucurbits
o Solanaceous
o Legumes
o Allium

o Leaves

o Removal of damaged parts & larvae
o Deep plowing

POD BORER
CROPS AFFECTED
o Legume
o Pods

o Removal of infected pods

LEAF MINER
CROPS AFFECTED
o Cucurbits
o Solanaceous
o Legume
o Allium

o Leaves

o Remove affected parts
o Use of sticky trap
EGGPLANT FRUIT
AND SHOOT BORER
CROPS AFFECTED
o Solanaceous

o Shoots
o Branches
o Fruits

o Removing affected shoots, fruit & sprout
o Deep plowing and harrowing
o Spray systemic insecticides
COMMON
SUCKING INSECTS

FRUIT FLY
CROPS AFFECTED
o Cucurbits
o Solanaceous
o Fruits
o Wrap the fruits
o Use of attractants/trap

BROAD MITES
CROPS AFFECTED
o Sweet & hot pepper
o Papaya
o Crucifers

o Leaves
o Branches
o Fruits

o Remove the infected parts
o Smoking
o Spray botanical or synthetic insecticides
RED SPIDER MITES
CROPS AFFECTED
o Eggplant
o Legumes
o Papaya
o Crucifers
o Leaves
o Fruits
o Removal of damaged parts
WHITEFLY
CROPS AFFECTED
o Solanaceous
o Cucurbits
o Legumes
o Okra
o Leaves

o Weeding to destroy host plant
o Use sticky traps
o Use plastic mulch
APHIDS
CROPS AFFECTED
o Solanaceous
o Cucurbits
o Legumes
o Okra
o Leaves and flowers

o Uproot the plant if there is infection
o Use yellow sticky traps
o Use plastic mulch
THRIPS
CROPS AFFECTED
o Solanaceous
o Cucurbits
o Brassicas
o Allium
o Leaves and fruits

o Plowing and harrow
o Weeding
o Use plastic mulch
o Spray botanical (neem) or synthetic
insecticides Office of the Provincial Agriculturist
LEAFHOPPER
CROPS AFFECTED
o Solanaceous
o Cucurbits
o Brassicas
o Allium
o Leaves and fruits

o Weeding
o Use plastic mulch

MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL CONTROL

COLLECTING AND YELLOW STICKY TRAP PROTECTIVE
DESTROYING PEST STRUCTURES
On small areas, scout the Traps for low flying insect Net, tunnels can be placed
field and remove pest. on the crop.

General Pest Control Recommendations
 Scout pest presence - either on the growing points/tips/shoot
and on the underside of the leaves;
 Clean cultivation - no infested plant, fruits, debris in the field;
 Avoid high density/ proper planting distance to maintain
proper aeration & light distribution;
 Planting of trap, repellent & attractant plants along with the
main crops to avoid pest population and attractant more
beneficial insects as well
 Correct insect pest identification to have the right & timely
control application;
 Minimal use of synthetic pesticides instead always adapt IPM

Plant Disease
Identification
and
Management

Contributing Factors
of Disease
Non-living Factors (abiotic) 70% Living (biotic) 30%
Temperature Fungi
Soil Moisture Bacteria
Light Intensity Virus
Nutrient Availability Nematodes
Chemical Toxicity Mollicutes
Soil pH

The Disease Triangle
Environmental
Pathogen
Condition
Disease
Susceptible
Plant Host

Always 1
1. Nutrient
Deficiency
Check
for 2. Sunscald
Abiotic
3. Chemical
Factors Toxicity
3
2

Always
Check for
Plant
Disease
Symptoms

Diagnostics
Always remember that not all plant problems are caused by bacteria,
fungi, or virus. Consider all possible causes .
• Identify symptoms
• Identify parts affected
Check for signs and symptoms • Look for biotic agents
• Compare with known diseases
• Check pattern of infection and

amount of infected plants.
Observe pattern of infection • 30% low, 30-50% moderate, 50% and
above high.
• Check neighboring farms.
Understand practices and • Review crop history

environment • Review weather

Diagnostic from Leaf
Problem
Leaf
Yellowing Mosaic Spots
Uniform Veinal Viral Bacteria
Fungi
Abiotic
Diagnostic from Fruit
Problem
Fruit
Spot Rot Deformed/mottled
Raised Sunken Blossom end Virus
Bacteria Fungi Calcium/stress

Diagnostic from Stem
Problem
Stem
Collar rot Blight Spots
Bacteria
Fungi
Diagnostic from Roots
Problem
Root
Rot Galls Pale colour
Fungi Nematode Bacterial wilt

Diagnostic from Whole
Plant Problem
Fungal •
•
Fusarium Wilt
Southern Blight
Diseases
• Gummy Stem Blight
• Early Blight
• Powdery Mildew
• Leaf Mold
• Cercospora leaf spot
• Anthracnose
• Downey Mildew

Conditions for Fungal Infection
Damping off Anthracnose
Early blight Downy mildew
Late blight Fusarium wilt N +++ pH 5
Powdery mildew Phytophthora blight
Phomopsis blight Gummy stem blight
Cercospora Relative Humidity

Biological Efficacy Mobility in plant
• Protectant: has to be present • Contact: are on the surface

on (or in) the leaf/stem surface of the plant
before spore germination/ • Local-systemic: limited to
Fungicides penetration. Repeat translaminar movement
applications to protect new and hardly any
Action and growth (e.g. mancozeb) translocation from leaf to
leaf and stem to foliage
Mobility • Curative (eradicant or kick- • Systemic: translocation
back): is active during the upwards (and downwards)
immediate post infection in the plant
period, but before symptoms
appear
General Control of
Fungal Diseases • Use resistant or tolerant varieties
• Use disease-free seeds
• Make a good drainage
• Prepare land properly
• Remove infected plants or debris
• Practice crop rotation
• Remove/destroy alternative hosts
• Use clean tools
• Avoid wet leaves in evening
• Follow recommended spacing for
each crop
• Apply preventive and curative
fungicides correctly.
Fusarium
Fungal Disease: Fusarium Wilt

Wilt
1.
Fungal Disease: Fusarium Wilt
• Bitter gourd, watermelon,

tomato, pepper, eggplant
• Lower leaves wilt and yellow
first
• Then yellowing on upper
leaves and eventually plant
wilts and dies
• Roots brown and decayed Control and Management
• Cool conditions conducive
for development • Resistant varieties
• Seed transmission possible • Clean soil
• Drenching with carbendazim (Systemic
fungicide with protective and curative
1.
action)

Southern
Fungal Disease: Southern Blight

Blight
2.
Fungal Disease: Southern Blight
• Tomato, eggplant, pepper,

legumes
• Mycelia on stem base
• Yellowing leaves
• Infected plants wilt and die Control and Management
• Sanitation and crop rotation
• Deep plowing/flooding
• Drenching with metalaxyl (Systemic
fungicide with protective and curative
action; absorbed through leaves, stems,
2.
and roots
Gummy
Fungal Disease: Gummy Stem Blight

Stem Blight
3.
Fungal Disease: Gummy Stem Blight
• Pumpkin, watermelon,
muskmelon, cucumber,
bottle gourd and bitter
gourd
• V-shape lesion starts in the
leaf edges
• Causes stem wilt and death
• Seed-transmitted and soil- Control and Management
borne
• Field sanitation
• Protective spray with Chlorothalonil,
Mancozeb,
3.
• Curative spray with Azoxystrobin

Early
Fungal Disease: Early Blight

Blight
4.
Fungal Disease: Early Blight
• Tomato
• Dark-gray and water-soaked
leaf lesions with concentric
rings
• Develops under hot and dry
conditions Control and Management
• Remove infected leaves

• Soil sterilization
• Spraying with fungicides mancozeb,
4.
iprodione, chlorothalonil

Powdery
Fungal Disease: Powdery Mildew

Mildew
5.
Fungal Disease: Powdery Mildew
• Cucumber, ridge gourd,

bottle gourd, bitter gourd,
pepper, tomato, eggplant
• Powdery white mold on the
upper surface of leaves
• Leaf lesions red brown on
the lower surface of leaves
and yellow on the upper Control and Management
surface
• Field sanitation, crop rotation
• Avoid shade
• Chlorothalonil. azoxystrobin
5.

Leaf
Mold
Fungal Disease: Leaf mold

6.
Fungal Disease: Leaf Mold
• Tomato
• Upper leaf - pale yellow
spots with no distinct
margin
• Lower leaf – gray to black
spores
• Leaves wilt
• Air-borne
• Rainy season & cool Control and Management
temperature • Avoid dense planting especially during
rainy months
• mancozeb+copper hydroxide,
6.
chlorothalonil, difenoconazole

Cercospora
Fungal Disease: Cercospora Leaf Spot

Leaf Spot
7.
Fungal Disease: Cercospora Leaf Spot
• Pepper, tomato, bitter gourd,

bean , melon, other
cucurbits
• Affects leaves and stems
• Leaf spots pale brown,
circular with white centre
• Leaves yellow and fall
• Wet conditions and warm
temperature Control and Management
• Air-borne • benomyl followed with chlorothalonil;
copper-based, mancozeb, maneb
7.

Anthracnose
Fungal Disease: Anthracnose

8.
Fungal Disease: Anthracnose
• Pepper, watermelon, onions,

melon, bean
• Humid conditions
• Distinct margins (except for
onion)
• Lesions with concentric rings Control and Management
• Field sanitation & crop rotations of 2-3
years
• Pathogen-free seed
• benomyl, mancozeb, copper oxychloride
8.

Oomycetes / • Damping off
Water molds
• Phytopthora Blight
• Late Blight
• Downy Mildew

Damping
Off
Fungal Disease: Damping Off

9.
• Can affect all the seedlings
Fungal Disease: Damping off
• Drench with captan

fungicide or treat ( coat )
the seed of 0.2 to 0.4 %
captan .
• Spray fungicides
propamocarb hydrochloride
and carbendazim
• Clean seedling trays after
use or soak in the 10 mg / L
chlorine
• Avoid prolonged wetness of
the whole plant
• Expose the seedlings in the
sun
9.

Phytophthora
Fungal Disease: Phytophthora Blight

Blight
10.
Fungal Disease: Phytophthora Blight
• Pepper
• High temperature &
excessive soil moisture
• Infect leaves, stems and
fruits
• Dark green to dark-brown
water-soaked lesions Control and Management
• Young seedlings wilt and die
• Crop rotation
• Avoid use of furrow irrigation
• Preventive application of copper and
10.
chlorothalonil
• Curative spraying with fosetyl-Al or
metalaxyl
Late
Blight
Fungal Disease: Late Blight

11.
Fungal Disease: Late Blight
• Tomato, potato
• Leaves, stems, fruits and
roots affected
• Initially water-soaked
irregular lesions on leaf
becoming dark gray
• Sunken, dark gray irregular
lesions develop on the fruit Control and Management
• Rainy season, cool weather
• Use of healthy seed
• Avoid work in rain
11.
• Preventive application of metalaxyl and

mancozeb, fosetyl-Al

Downy
Fungal Disease: Downy Mildew

Mildew
12.
Fungal Disease: Downy Mildew
• Bitter gourd, cucumber,

melon
• Initially pale yellow lesions
• Lesions purple gray in
advanced stages
• Low temperature and high
humidity
• Overlapping of crops in the
same family or related in the
nearby areas Control and Management
• Leaf wetness in the evening • Field sanitation
for several hours • metalaxyl, maneb, propineb, mancozeb
12.
• Resistant varieties

Bacterial
Diseases
• Bacterial Wilt
• Bacterial Spot
• Bacterial Speck of Tomatoes

Bacteria
• microscopic organisms that are
generally single-celled
• can survive on crop residue, seed
tubers, volunteer plants, in the soil
or in water
• can be spread mechanically or
through water, insects or through
infected planting materials
• causes leaf spots and blight, soft Ralstonia solanacearum
the bacterium that causes
rots, wilt, overgrowths, scabs and bacterial wilt
cankers.
General Control of
Bacterial Diseases
• Use resistant varieties
• Decontaminate tools and hands
after handling infected plants
• Adjust watering and fertilization
• Practice crop rotation with non-
host crops

Bacterial
Bacterial Wilt
Wilt
Bacterial Disease:
1.
• Solanaceous, some cucurbits
(pumpkin, squash)
• wilting of whole plants that
Bacterial Wilt
normally starting at shoot
apex
• browning of the vascular
tissue in base of stem
Bacterial ooze
• bacterial ooze
Bacterial Disease:
Control and management
• Crop rotation for at least 3-5
years
• Use of resistant/tolerant
variety
• Use of resistant rootstock in
grafted seedlings
• Remove infected plants
• Mustard cultivation within
1.
crop rotation

Bacterial
Bacterial Spot
Spot
Bacterial Disease:
2.
Bacterial Spot
• tomato, pepper
• dark brown small spots
(leaves) and yellowing of leaf
margins
• fruits - water-soaked brown
dots that develop into
scabby spots slightly raised
Bacterial Disease:
in the center

• Use clean seed
• Spray copper-mancozeb
mixture (2x week)
2.
Bacterial Speck
Bacterial Speck
of Tomato
Bacterial Disease:
3.
Bacterial Speck
• A small spot that are
surrounded by yellow halo.
Later on these spots
coalesce together. It
normally infect the leaf, stem
and fruits.
Bacterial Disease:
• Used resistant varieties
• Copper based fungicide
• Field sanitation, Avoid
irrigating late in the evening.
• Clean seeds and seedling
2.
Viral • Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
Diseases
• Tobacco Mosaic Virus
• Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
• Papaya Ring Spot Virus
• Cucumber Mosaic Virus
• Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus
• Namamrako
• Tomato Chlorosis Virus
Virus
• tiny molecules - seen only through
electron microscope
• depend on other organisms for

survival and reproduction
• can cause dwarfing, yellowing,

curling, mottling, etc.
• transmitted mechanically, by seed, Tobacco mosaic virus

and by insect vectors

General Control of
Viral Diseases
• Protect plants from virus
vectors:
• Use plastic mulch
• Install insect
traps/attractants
• Use insecticides
• Use insect net
• Remove alternative Hosts
Tomato Yellow Leaf
1. Viral Disease: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
Curl Virus (TYLCV)

Crop Affected : Tomato
Symptoms : Leaf curling, twisting, dwarfism, inter-veinal yellowing
Transmitted by: White fly

Tobacco Mosaic
Virus (TMV)
2. Viral Disease: Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Crop Affected : Tomato, pepper

Symptoms : mosaic on leaves and narrowing of leaf tips,
occasional wilt of stems and leaves
Transmitted by: Seed, soil through debris of infected plants, and
mechanically

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
3. Viral Disease: Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
(TSWV or Tospovirus)
Crop Affected : Tomato, pepper, and legumes
Symptoms : yellowing of leaves and wilt of leaf tips followed by
brown lesions on leaves, fruits distorted with irregular
raised lesions
Transmitted by: Thrips

Papaya Ringspot
Virus (PRSV)
4. Viral Disease: Papaya Ringspot Virus
Crop Affected : Papaya, cucurbits

Symptoms : mottling, vein banding, leaf curling and deformation
Transmitted by: Aphids, can be mechanical but not by seeds

Cucumber Mosaic
Virus (CMV)
5. Viral Disease: Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Crop Affected : cucurbits, solanaceous, legumes

Symptoms : mosaic on leaves, necrosis on stem and leaves,
necrosis and sunscald on fruits,
Transmitted by: Aphids (non-persistent), mechanical (seeds and tools)

Zucchini Yellow
6. Viral Disease: Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus
Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)

Crop Affected : cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon, squash, gourds
Symptoms : initially yellow spots or vein clearing followed by
distinct mosaic, large lobation and malformation on
leaves. dark green warts and malformation on fruits
Transmitted by: Aphids (non-persistent)

7. Viral Disease: Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus
Namamarako (Cucurbit
Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus)
Crop Affected : Bittergourd, cucumber, watermelon, pumpkin
Symptoms : Thick ‘plastic’ leaves, yellowing patches in older
leaves, predominantly male flowers, stunted growth
Transmitted by: Aphids

Squash Leaf Curl Virus
(SLCV)
8. Viral Disease: Squash Leaf Curl Virus
Crop Affected : tomato, cucurbits

Symptoms : Leaves are cupped upward, new growth bends
upward, and mid-vein portions of leaves are severely
mottled. Flowers and fruit are small and abnormally
developed.
Transmitted by: Whitefly

Harvesting and
Post-Harvest
Handling

Harvesting
Is the removal of fruits or any part of the plant
that is edible.
Post-Harvest Handling
Is the overall process of handling the harvested
crops until it reaches the market.

Maturity Index
Is the sign or indication that the crops are ready
to be harvested.
Post-Harvest Loses
Is the degradation in both quantity and quality
of the harvested crops.

4R’s in Harvesting
Right Post-harvest
technique
Right Age Right Way

of harvesting
method
Right Time

Right
Age
Why is it important to know the
maturity index of each crop
Harvesting at
Maturity
the right age
indices are also Longer shelf
ensures long
your harvest life.
productivity of
indices.
crop.
Maturity Maturity Maturity

affects the affects the affects the
nutritive value flavor of your overall quality
of the fruit. fruit. of your fruit.

EGGPLANT
55-65 DAT
Marketable size
Color depends on variety
Glossy

TOMATO
55-65 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green
Full bright and glossy

SWEET PEPPER
55-65 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green to 50%
green
Full, bright, and glossy

HOT PEPPER
55-65 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green
Market preference

UPO
45-50 DAT
Marketable size
Full and glossy

AMPALAYA
45-50 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green

CUCUMBER
30-35 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green

SIKWA
55-65 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green

CALABASA
70-85 DAT
Marketable size
Mature green
Dull in color

WATERMELON
55-65 DAT
Marketable size
Change in color of lower part
Dull sound when tapped
Full, bright, & glossy

MELON
45-50 DAT
Marketable size
Full and glossy

Right
Time
When is the best
time to harvest?
Harvest at cooler time Do not harvest during Consider your irrigation Consider the crop to be
of the day or just after the rain schedule harvested
The quality of fruits are Harvesting on a wet For fruit bearing Fruit vegetables:
best on early morning condition can make vegetables except for Early morning
and decreases rapidly your crop prone to watermelon it is
afterwards. diseases. It is also recommended to Leafy vegetables:
prone to spoilage. If it irrigate a day or two Late afternoon
cannot be avoided, before harvesting.
wash with fresh water Except when rainfall
and dry. happen prior to
harvesting.

Right
Way
• Avoid pulling fruits. Use appropriate
tools to make harvesting faster,
easier, and efficient.
• Use only sharp and clean tools.
• Be careful not to cause physical
injury to preserve quality.
• Use small containers to collect
harvested crops from the field.

Right
Post
Harvest
Handling
POSTHARVEST HANDLING
Importance:
> Post Harvest begins where production ends (harvest)
1. To maintain the quality of the product to be more saleable

2. To increase shelf life of the products
3. To minimize post-harvest losses, hence higher income for
the farmers.

A. POSTHARVEST: HAULING
Collecting harvest with the use of containers for
cleaning, sorting, etc.

B. POSTHARVEST: CLEANING/WASHING
● Remove adhering soil particles and other debris

● Trim fruit stem of eggplant and stem end of cabbage and
chinese kale
● Remove damaged leaves (cabbage, kankong)
● Wipe clean soft cloth (e. tomato, eggplant, sweetpepper,
cucumber, bitter gourd)

C. POSTHARVEST: SORTING/GRADING
Sorting Grading
Separate poor from good Separate according to size or
ones to avoid standard set by the
contamination and market
untimely deterioration.

POSTHARVEST: PACKING
Placing produce inside a container for storage and/or transport
wooden crate plastic crate
Plastic bag
woven bamboo basket

POSTHARVEST: TRANSPORTING
One of the critical post harvest activity as high product loss might
result from poor transport conditions, rough handling and delays

POSTHARVEST: MARKETING
MARKET
ACCESS
Where produce are made available to consumers.

WAYS TO PREVENT
POST-HARVEST LOSSES
1. Start using high quality vegetables seeds
“ Once harvested, quality of vegetables can only be maintained but not
improved” -AVRDC
1.1 Use a good seed

There are seeds whose fruit has long shelf life in the
market
1.2 Plant healthy and vigorous seedlings
1.3 Take care the plants through proper irrigation and

fertilizer

2. Avoid Physical Damage
“ A simple and inexpensive way of minimizing losses after harvest is to
practice care in harvesting and throughout the handling chain” -AVRDC
Type of Damage Results
Mechanical Damage
Pressure Damage Fast maturing, yellowing, curling,

wilting and finally damage the whole
plants
Impact Damage

3. Control Environmental Conditions
“ Refrigeration during transport and storage and the application of chemicals to
control post-harvest decay are some of the techniques used to prolong
post-harvest life of vegetables ” -AVRDC
A. Temperature Management
● > Harvest in morning or late

afternoon if temperature is cold
● > Avoid exposed the harvest
fruits to the sun and the vehicle
be used for transport
● >Ventilate the harvest fruits
● > Used white cloth to cover the
vegetables
> Transport the vegetables in
the morning or at night

Water loss is one of the major causes of deterioration that causes the decrease of
vegetables to be sold.
B. Water/Relative Humidity Management
> Wet the vegetable

storage floor
> Put a "fine mist of water in the
ventilating fan"
> Put a bucket full of water
around the storage of
vegetables
> Avoid storage of vegetables
in close and heat areas

Maintain the ventilation: the vegetables has life, proper ventilation is important in
storage, transportation and packaging.
C. Control of Gases in the

Environment
> Avoid putting the vegetables

in a plastic without hole.
🖒 > Separate ripe fruits from
unripe
> Avoid storage vegetables in
a close and smoky place

4. Control Insects and Diseases
Ang pag-unlad ng sakit sa gulay pagkatapos maani ito ay nakasalalay sa organismong
nagiging dahilan ng sakit, ang daanan nito papasok at kaaya-ayang kalagayan para sa
kanilang paglaki at pagdami.
> Maintain the cleanliness of

the container, vehicle and
surrounding of vegetables
> Avoid damaging the
vegetable fruits that might
entry of microbes that
causes rotten of fruits.
> Separate the rotten fruits to
avoid contamination with
healthy fruits

Use containers.
Use liner material such as leaves or newspaper to avoid

abrasion from rough surface.
Avoid dropping or dragging of harvesting containers.
Avoid throwing fruits to containers.
Do not expose fruits to sunlight after harvesting.
Always sort your products. Separate good from poor ones to

avoid contamination and untimely degradation.
Always separate products according to size or market

standards.
Questions?

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CREATES JOB ALLEVIATE GENERATE HIGHER

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Effects of low vegetable

There is a need to augment and increase

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Eating vegetables provides health

Vegetables provide nutrients

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Lowers the cholesterol & Creates a youthful glow Improving vision

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Protect the bones Lowers risk of cancer Generates wellness

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 Come from plants that are Produced by companies through

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Save your seeds Low-cost Superior flavor

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 Good water holding capacity

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 Soak the seeds in clean

 Wash the seeds and

 Maintain the moisture

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High survival rate in the field

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 Protection from stray

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Spray fungicide or insecticide if necessary

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 Slowly exposing seedling under

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Transfer of seedlings from seedbed to its

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Presence of 2-3 true leaves

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Presence of 4-5 true leaves

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Put the seedlings in the holes

Early in the morning or late in the afternoon

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Cover the holes with garden soil or organic fertilizer

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