DRUGS USED ON THE

EYE
PRESENTED BY;

JUBREEL MUMINAT : 2022004330

BABALOLA TEMILADE : 2021007830

AKINFUNJESU ADURAMIGBA : 2021007055

LEO-INNOCENT UNIQUE : 2021007169

ABDULLAHI IDAYAT DAMILOLA : 2021006762

OGUNOLA RIDWAN : 2021007828

ADAH THERESA OJONE : 2022003694

BALOGUN ABDULLATEEF : 2021007530

ADEPOJU AISHA FOLASHADE : 2021006801

AREMO KINDNESS OLUWAROTIMI : 2021006981

Introduction

 Eye medications, also known as ophthalmic drugs, are specialized medications

designed to treat various eye conditions and diseases. These drugs come in
different forms, including:


 - Eye drops
 - Ointments
 - Gels
 - Suspensions
 - Inserts
Classes of drugs used on the eye
There are several classes of drugs used for treating various eye conditions. Here's an overview of some
common classes of eye medications:

1. Antibiotics:
 Antibiotic eye drops and ointments are used to treat bacterial eye infections such as
conjunctivitis (pink eye) and bacterial keratitis.
 They work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of bacteria, helping to clear the infection
and reduce inflammation.

2. Antihistamines
 Antihistamine eye drops are used to relieve itching, redness, and inflammation associated with
allergic conjunctivitis (allergic eye reactions).
 They work by blocking the action of histamine, a substance released by the body during an
allergic reaction, thereby reducing the symptoms of eye allergies.

3. Corticosteroids:
 Corticosteroid eye drops are used to treat inflammatory eye conditions such as uveitis, iritis, and
severe allergic conjunctivitis. They work by reducing inflammation and suppressing the body's
immune response, helping to alleviate symptoms such as redness, swelling, and pain.
4. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):
 NSAID eye drops are used to reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling following eye surgery
or to manage certain types of eye conditions.
 They work by inhibiting the production of inflammatory substances called prostaglandins,
providing relief from pain and inflammation.

5. Glaucoma Medications:
 There are several classes of drugs used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma,
including prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, alpha agonists, and carbonic anhydrase
inhibitors.
 These medications work by either reducing the production of aqueous humor (fluid inside
the eye) or by improving its drainage, thereby lowering pressure within the eye and
helping to prevent damage to the optic nerve.

6. Lubricants and Artificial Tears:

 Lubricating eye drops and ointments are used to relieve dry eyes, provide moisture, and
improve the stability of the tear film.
 They work by supplementing natural tear production and providing additional lubrication
for the eyes, relieving symptoms of dryness and discomfort.
Here are examples of drugs under each class of ophthalmic drugs:

 Antibiotics
Azithromycin (Azasite), Ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan), Ofloxacin (Ocuflox), Gentamicin (Garamycin), Erythromycin
(Ilotycin)

 Antihistamines;
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Ketotifen (Zaditor), Azelastine (Optivar), Bepotastine (Bepreve), Epinastine (Elestat)

 Corticosteroids;
Prednisolone (Pred Forte), Dexamethasone (Maxidex), Fluorometholone (Flarex), Loteprednol (Lotemax),
Rimexolone (Vexol)

 NSAIDs ;
Ketorolac (Acular), Diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Advil), Naproxen (Aleve), Flurbiprofen (Ocufen)

 Glaucoma medications :
Timolol (Timoptic), Latanoprost (Xalatan), Travoprost (Travatan), Bimatoprost (Lumigan), Dorzolamide (Trusopt)

 Lubricants and Artificial tears;

Systane Ultra, Refresh Tears, Blink Contacts, Soothe XP, TheraTears
Uses of Ophthalmic Drugs
Ophthalmic drugs are used to treat a wide range of eye conditions and diseases, including:

 Glaucoma: To reduce intraocular pressure and prevent optic nerve damage.

 Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): To treat bacterial, viral, or allergic conjunctivitis.
 Dry Eye Syndrome: To lubricate and soothe dry, irritated eyes.
 Uveitis: To reduce inflammation and prevent complications.
 Cataracts: To treat symptoms like blurred vision and glare.
 Macular Degeneration: To slow disease progression and improve vision.
 Diabetic Retinopathy: To prevent blood vessel growth and vision loss.
 Allergies: To relieve itchy, red, and watery eyes.
 Blepharitis: To treat eyelid inflammation and crusting.
 Corneal Abrasions: To numb the eye and relieve pain.
 Refractive Errors: To treat myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and
astigmatism.
 Pain Relief: To manage eye pain and discomfort.
Contraindications to Ophthalmic
Medications
Some general contraindications for eye medications include :

 1. Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Certain medications, like isotretinoin (Accutane), are contraindicated due to risk
of birth defects or infant exposure.
 2. Allergies: Patients allergic to specific medications, like sulfonamides (e.g., sulfacetamide), should avoid them.
 3. Kidney or liver disease: Certain medications, like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide), may be
contraindicated due to potential toxicity.
 4. Glaucoma: Steroid medications can exacerbate glaucoma; so they should be used with caution.
 5. Cataracts: Certain medications, like anticholinergics (e.g., atropine), can worsen cataracts.
 6. Corneal conditions: Topical medications like corticosteroids can delay corneal healing.
 7. Retinal conditions: Certain medications, like anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), can increase the risk of bleeding.
 8. Eye injuries or surgery: Certain medications, like anticoagulants or NSAIDs, may be contraindicated due to
increased bleeding risk.
 9. Interactions with other medications: Combine medications with caution, as interactions can worsen eye
conditions.
 10. Age: Pediatric or geriatric patients may require adjusted dosages or special considerations.
Adverse effects
Ophthalmic drugs, like all medications, can cause adverse effects. Some common adverse
effects of ophthalmic drugs include:

 1. Allergic reactions: Redness, itching, swelling, or rash.

 2. Burning or stinging sensation in the eye.
 3. Blurred vision or changes in vision.
 4. Dryness or irritation of the eye or eyelids.
 5. Increased sensitivity to light
 6. Eye pain or discomfort.
 7. Headache.
 8. Dizziness or vertigo.
 9. Nausea or vomiting.
 10. Fatigue or drowsiness.
 11. Eye irritation or inflammation.
 12. Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye membrane).
 13. Cataracts (clouding of the lens).
Nursing Consideration
 Before administering eye medications, nurses should consider the following:
 1. Patient's medical history: Allergies, sensitivities, or underlying conditions that may affect drug
absorption or interact with the medication.
 2. Eye condition: Diagnosis and severity of the condition being treated, as well as any related
symptoms or complications.
 3. Medication specifics: Correct medication, dosage, frequency, and duration of treatment.
 4. Contraindications: Potential interactions with other medications or eye products.
 5. Patient education: Inform the patient about proper administration, potential side effects, and
importance of compliance.
 6. Eye hygiene: Ensure the eye is clean and free of discharge or debris.
 7. Technique: Use proper technique when administering eye drops or ointments, such as gently
pulling down the lower lid to create a pocket.
 8. Allergic reactions: Monitor for signs of allergic reactions, such as redness, itching, or swelling.
 9. Drug expiration: Check the expiration date of the medication.
 10. Patient comfort: Provide reassurance and support to reduce anxiety or discomfort.
 By considering these factors, nurses can ensure safe and effective administration of eye
medications.
CONCLUSION

 In conclusion, the importance of ophthalmic drugs in Nursing

practice can not be overemphasized and the understanding of
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of each drug class, their
side effects, indication, absolute and relative contraindications is
integral to adequate and successful patient management

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