INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY

SIDRA HUSSAIN
CSS 2018(I.G)
 INTRODUCTION

 An optional subject
 Marks 100
 Objectives and
 Scoring or Not scoring? MCQs
 Recommended book: “Modern Criminology: Crime,
Criminal Behavior and its Control” by Hagan
 “Crime, Justice and Society: An Introduction to
Criminology” by Ronald and Marvin
 Websites given in syllabus
 Degree of effort for preparation
 Common sense
 SYLLABUS

Section-I (25 Marks)

 I. Introduction
Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and
criminal.
 II. Understanding Criminology
Definition, meaning and scope of criminology, Criminology
and criminal law, Crime as social problem, Crime and social
organization, related concepts: Deviance, Sin and Vice
 III. Crime and Criminals
Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional
criminals, Whitecollar crime, Organized crime, corporate
crimes.
 IV. Crime and Criminality:
Theoretical Perspectives, Early explanation of criminal
behavior :
Classical School
Positivist School (Biological and Psychological
Explanations) Positivist School (Sociological
Explanation)
Social Disorganization theory, Strain theory
Social Control theory
Learning theory , Labeling Theory
Islamic perspective
Section-II (25 Marks)
 V. Juvenile Delinquency : Meaning, definitions
(Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status
offender, Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
VI. Juvenile Justice System Role of police, Juvenile
court process: Pretrial, trial and sentencing , Role of
prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile
probation officer , Juvenile correctional institutions,
probation and non-punitive alternatives
 VII. The Criminal Justice System:
Police and its role : Trial and Conviction of
Offenders
Agencies: formal and informal
Criminal courts: procedures and problems  Role of
prosecutors  Prisons, Probation and Parole 
 VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of
Criminals
Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation
of criminals.
 Section-III (25 Marks)
 IX. Criminal Investigation
Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of
preliminary investigation, Intelligence operations,
Data base investigation, Electronic investigation,
Forensic Investigation
 X. Techniques of Investigations
Gathering information from persons, Interviewing
and interrogation techniques, Criminal investigation
analysis
 XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators
Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search
and seizure.
 XII. International Policing Criminal Justice
Monitoring Organizations
UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC,
UNICEF, IPA, etc.
 Section-IV (25 Marks)
XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary
Criminology
 Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
 Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal
Justice System
Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
Intelligence-led Policing
 Community Policing
 Private Public Partnership
 Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and
White-Collar Crime
 Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially
Children, Women and Minorities and the role of civil
society and NGOs
Money-laundering
 Cyber Crime
 Role of NAB, FIA, ANF
Criminology
An interdisciplinary profession built around the
scientific study of crime and criminal behavior,
including their forms, causes, legal aspects, and
control.
It is the study of crime, society's response to it, and
its prevention, including examination of the
environmental, hereditary, or psychological causes of
crime, modes of criminal investigation and
conviction, and the efficacy of punishment or
correction as compared with forms of treatment or
rehabilitation
Criminology is the scientific study of crime,
including its causes, responses by law enforcement
and methods of prevention
 Classification of Criminology

Penology:
The study of prisons and prison systems
 Bio-criminology:
The study of the biological basis of criminal
behavior
 Feminist criminology:
The study of women and crime
Criminalistics:
The study of crime detection
 Victimology:
The study of the victims of crime, the relationships
between victims and criminals, and the role of
victims in the criminal events themselves.
 Criminologists

A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals,

and criminal behavior.
 Criminologists attempt to understand why some
people are more or less likely to engage in criminal
or delinquent behavior.
Criminologists also examine and attempt to explain
differences in crime rates and the criminal code
between societies and changes in rates and laws over
time
 Criminologists consider themselves to be neutral
public policy experts, gathering facts for various
governmental officials responsible for drawing policy
conclusions
 Scope of Criminology

Criminology involves three different types of problems:

i. The problem of detecting the law breaker, which is the
work of the detective, the police officer, the medical
specialist, the chemist.
 ii. The problem of the custody and treatment of the
offender once he is detected and legally judged to be
guilty, which is the work of the penologist. Social
workers, psychiatrists, sociologists, psychologists,
juvenile court judges, probation and parole officers, and
others are engaged in correction work in connection with
the prevention and control of delinquency and crime.
 The problem of explaining crime and criminal
behavior, which is the problem of scientifically
accounting for the presence of crime and criminals in
a society. The legal aspect of crime is of interest to
the lawyer and to the sociologist who is studying the
sociology of criminal law.