ENDOSCOPY

B Y: D R . M U H A M M A D B I L A L I S H A Q ( P T )
 Endoscopy
• Endoscopy is a non surgical procedure used to examine the internal organs
of the body like GIT or Respiratory tract.
• Endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it.
• Unlike other medical imaging techniques endoscope is inserted directly
into organ.
 PRINCIPLE
• Fiber-optic endoscopes use bundles of thin glass fiber to transmit light to
and from the organ being viewed.
• Theses fibers use the principle of TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION to
transmit almost 100% of light entering one end to the other end
 PARTS OF AN ENDOSCOPE
• ENDOSCOPE – a rigid flexible tube
• LIGHT DELIVERY SYSYTEM – delivered through optic fiber to
illuminate the organs or object under inspection, light source present
outside body.
• LENS – transmits image from objective lens to the viewer.
• CAMERA – transmits image to a screen for image capture.
 ENDOSCOPE PROCEDURE
• Introduce endoscope through an opening in the • Light is illuminated through the
body tube to view the internal organs
• OPENINGS:
– Mouth
• Camera takes pictures that is
– Anus presented on a computer
– Skin incision screen/monitor.
• ORGANS: • Surgeons also insert different
– Esophagus tools through an opening in the
– Stomach endoscope for different
– Intestines procedures.
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
 TYPES
• Gastroscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Laproscopy
• Proctoscopy
• Cystoscopy
• Bronchoscopy
• Laryngoscopy
• nasopharyngoscopy
 USES
• INVESTIGATION • TREATMENT
– Nausea – Micro-invasive surgeries
– Vomiting – Drug administration
– Abdominal pain
– Swallowing difficulty
– GI bleeding

• CONFIRMATION OF
DIAGNOSIS
– Anemia
– Bleeding
– Inflammation
– Cancer
 ADVANTAGES
• Minimally invasive
• Cost effective
• Treatment approach
– Removing polyps
– .Stopping bleeding
– Opening blocked ducts
 DISADVANTAGES
• Discomfort
• Perforation of an organ
• Excessive bleeding (haemorrhage)
• Infection
• Allergic reaction to the anaesthesia.
• Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) after an ERCP
 LIMITATION
• Endoscopes cannot reach all areas of the body, and they may not be able to
provide a complete picture of a condition.
• In some cases, additional tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be
needed.
• For instance, a colonoscopy cannot visualize the entire small intestine