INTRODUCTION TO LINUX:

AN IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION
U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E W O R L D O F
O P E N S O U R C E O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S
SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS LINUX?
• Linux is a powerful open-source operating system kernel.
• Was conceived by Linus Torvalds, a visionary Finnish software
engineer, in 1991.
• Birthed in 1991, Linux emerged as a response to the need for a freely
accessible OS alternative.
• Built on the principles of collaboration and shared development,
Linux thrives on a global community of contributors.
• Linux has evolved into a cornerstone of computing, powering
everything from servers and embedded systems to personal
computers.
OPEN-SOURCE PHILOSOPHY
• Open Source Defined: Linux embodies the open-source philosophy,
emphasizing transparent sharing of source code.
• Collaborative Development: The global community can view,
modify, and distribute Linux, fostering continuous improvement.
• Innovation: Open source encourages diverse contributions, leading
to ongoing innovation within the Linux ecosystem.
• Accessibility and Freedom: Unlike closed-source models, open
source promotes accessibility, freedom, and community engagement.
• Linus Torvalds' Vision: Torvalds envisioned an inclusive and
participatory development environment, shaping Linux as a symbol
of the open-source movement.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Linux is distinguished by several key characteristics that contribute to
its widespread adoption and success in various computing
environments:
• Stability: Linux is renowned for its stability, providing a reliable
foundation for critical systems and applications.
• Security: Security is a core focus in Linux development, with robust
permission systems and frequent security updates.
• Flexibility: Linux's modular design allows for high flexibility,
enabling customization for diverse use cases.
• Open Source Nature: The open-source nature of Linux fosters
collaboration, innovation, and transparency.
MARKET PRESENCE
Linux has established a significant presence across diverse computing environments, ranging from
servers and embedded systems to desktops and mobile devices. These include:
• Server Dominance: Linux is the preferred operating system for a substantial majority of
servers worldwide, powering critical infrastructure and web services.
• Embedded Systems: Linux is widely used in embedded systems, providing a stable and
customizable platform for devices such as routers, smart TVs, and IoT devices.
• Desktop Adoption: While less prevalent on desktops than Windows, Linux desktop
distributions like Ubuntu and Fedora have gained popularity, offering user-friendly interfaces
and software repositories.
• Mobile Devices: Android, the leading mobile operating system, is built on the Linux kernel,
showcasing Linux's adaptability in the mobile space.
• Cross-Industry Applications: Linux's versatility extends to various industries, including
finance, healthcare, education, and research, where it serves as a reliable and efficient
computing solution.
SECTION 2: LINUX
FILE SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF The Linux file system follows a hierarchical structure, with
the root directory ("/") at the top. Directories and
subdirectories branch from the root, creating a tree-like

LINUX FILE organization.

The root directory is the starting point of the file system.
Key system directories such as /bin (executables), /etc
SYSTEM (configuration files), and /home (user home directories) are
located here.
FILE TYPES AND PERMISSIONS
File Types Permissions
• Regular Files: Regular files contain data, • Linux employs a permission system: read
such as text files, documents, and (r), write (w), and execute (x).
programs. Identified by file extensions • Permissions are assigned to three entities:
like .txt, .doc, .pdf, or having no
owner, group, and others.
extension for executables.
• Each entity can have distinct permission
• Directories: Directories are containers
settings, ensuring granular control over
for files and other directories. They
file access.
facilitate structured organization, and
their content can be listed using • “chmod” and “chown” Commands:
commands like “ls”. chmod Changes file permissions. chown
Changes file ownership.
• Symbolic Links: Symbolic links (or
symlinks) are shortcuts that point to other
files or directories. They provide
flexibility and convenience, allowing for
Click icon to add picture

FILE TYPES AND PERMISSIONS - CTD

File Permissions File Permissions - Terminal
FILE SYSTEM HIERARCHY(FHS)
Understanding the File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) is •
essential for navigating and organizing the Linux file
system effectively.
What is FHS?
• The File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) is a set of
guidelines that define the structure of the Linux file
system.
• It ensures consistency across different Linux
distributions, promoting compatibility and ease of use.
Key Directories
• /bin (Binary Binaries): Essential command binaries are
stored here, required for system recovery and basic
operations.
• /sbin (System Binaries): System binaries, crucial for
system administration tasks and advanced
functionalities, reside in this directory.
/etc (Configuration Files): System-wide configuration
files crucial for defining the behavior of various
applications and services.
• /home (Home Directories): User home directories are
located here, containing user-specific configuration files
and personal data.
• /var (Variable Files): Variable files, such as logs and
databases, that may change in size or content during the
system's operation.
• . /tmp (Temporary Files): Temporary files, created by
both the system and users, are stored here for short-term
use.
• . /opt (Optional Files): Optional software installed by
the user e.g. IDEs, Word Processing Software(e.g.
LibreOffice) etc
SECTION 3:LINUX
COMMANDS
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
The Command Line Interface (CLI) is a powerful tool in Linux, providing users with direct control
and efficient interaction with the operating system.
CLI Advantages:
• Efficiency: Perform tasks quickly with concise commands.
• Scripting: Automate repetitive tasks using scripts.
• Resource Efficiency: CLI consumes fewer system resources compared to graphical interfaces.
Basic CLI Usage:
• ls (List): Display directory contents.
• cd (Change Directory): Navigate through directories.
• pwd (Print Working Directory): Show the current working directory.
TERMINAL EMULATORS
Terminal emulators play a crucial role in providing users with a graphical interface to interact with
the Command Line Interface (CLI) in Linux. Here are some popular terminal emulators:
GNOME Terminal
• GNOME Terminal is the default terminal emulator for the GNOME desktop environment.
• Tabs for managing multiple command line sessions.
• Customizable profiles for different environments.
• Support for various color schemes.
Konsole
• Konsole is the default terminal emulator for the KDE desktop environment.
• Split-view for simultaneous command line sessions.
• Advanced customization options.
• Profile management for different use cases.
SECTION 4:LINUX
INSTALLATION
INSTALLING LINUX
• Installing Linux involves a straightforward process, and there are
various methods to choose from.
• Linux installations can be performed using different methods,
including Live CD/USB, network installation, and more.
• Package managers, such as APT for Debian-based systems and YUM
for Red Hat-based systems, simplify software installation and
management.
• Linux allows users to customize disk partitioning during installation,
providing flexibility based on system requirements.
INSTALLATION METHODS
Linux offers diverse installation methods, catering to different user
preferences and system requirements.
• Live CD/USB: Users can experience Linux without installation by
running it directly from a Live CD/USB.
• Network Installation: Installing Linux over a network connection
allows for a minimal installation footprint.
• Dual Boot: Dual booting enables users to run Linux alongside
another operating system on the same machine.
• Virtualization: Virtual machines offer a risk-free environment for
trying Linux or running it alongside other systems.
PACKAGE MANAGERS
Linux package managers simplify the process of installing, updating,
and managing software on the system.
• APT (Advanced Package Tool): Commonly used in Debian-based
systems like Ubuntu. Example “sudo apt-get install firefox” installs
Firefox.
• YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified): Found in Red Hat-based
systems such as Fedora and CentOS. Example “sudo yum install
firefox” installs Firefox.
• Pacman: Utilized in Arch Linux and its derivatives. Example “sudo
pacman –S firefox” installs Firefox.
DISK PARTITIONING IN LINUX
Linux provides flexibility in disk partitioning during installation,
allowing users to tailor their system setup.
• Partition Types: Linux supports various partition types, including
primary, extended, and logical partitions.
• File Systems: Users can choose from different file systems, such as
ext4, Btrfs, and XFS, based on their needs.
• Mount Points: Assigning mount points to partitions determines
where each partition's content will be accessible in the file system
hierarchy.
DIFFERENT LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS
Linux comes in a rich variety of distributions, each designed to cater to specific use cases and user
preferences.
• Ubuntu: User-friendly and suitable for beginners. Extensively used for both desktop and server
environments. Long-term support (LTS) versions for stability.
• Fedora: Emphasizes the use of cutting-edge software and technologies. Ideal for developers
and those who want the latest features.
• Debian: Known for its stability and reliability. Serves as the base for many other Linux
distributions.
• CentOS: A free, open-source alternative to Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). Renowned for
its robust server capabilities.
• Arch Linux: Follows a rolling release model, providing the latest software updates. Offers a
minimalist, user-centric experience with a focus on customization.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL): Enterprise-focused distribution with extensive support.
Emphasizes stability and security for mission-critical environments.
SPECIALIZED LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS
Beyond mainstream distributions, specialized Linux versions cater to specific
niches and unique requirements.
• Kali Linux: Designed for penetration testing and ethical hacking. Includes a
suite of security and forensics tools.
• Raspbian: Tailored for Raspberry Pi devices. Optimized for the unique
hardware capabilities of the Raspberry Pi.
• Ubuntu Server: A variant of Ubuntu specifically optimized for server
environments. Offers a minimal installation footprint.
• Tails: Focused on privacy and anonymity. Routes internet traffic through the
Tor network.
• SteamOS: Developed for gaming, based on Debian. Integrates the Steam
gaming platform.
LINUX VS OTHER OS
Linux distinguishes itself from other operating systems through key
architectural, security, and usability differences:
• Linux vs. Windows: Linux is monolithic, while Windows uses a
hybrid kernel. Linux employs ext4, Btrfs, etc., while Windows uses
NTFS.
• Linux vs. macOS: Both Linux and macOS are Unix-based. Linux
often uses desktop environments like GNOME or KDE, while
macOS has its proprietary GUI.
• Security Model: Linux is built with a strong focus on security and
user permissions. Windows is historically more susceptible to
malware although it is evolving with modern versions. macOS is
SECTION 5:REAL
WORLD APPLICATIONS
OF LINUX
APPLICATIONS OF LINUX
Linux has become the backbone of numerous real-world applications, powering
critical systems and services.
• Web Servers: Majority of web servers run on Linux due to its stability and
performance.
• Cloud Computing: Many cloud platforms, including AWS and Google Cloud,
are built on Linux infrastructure.
• Embedded Systems: Widely used in embedded devices, IoT, and networking
equipment.
• Supercomputers: Linux is prevalent in the world's most powerful
supercomputers.
• Smartphones: Android, based on the Linux kernel, dominates the smartphone
market.
SUCCESS STORIES WITH LINUX
Numerous companies and organizations have embraced Linux,
achieving notable success in various domains.
• Google: Runs its infrastructure on Linux servers.
• Facebook: Utilizes Linux extensively for its data centers.
• NASA: Linux is the operating system of choice for many space
missions and research.
• Amazon: Powers its cloud services using Linux.
• Tesla: Linux is the foundation of the software stack in Tesla
vehicles.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Linux continues to evolve, embracing emerging technologies that shape the future
of computing.
• Containers: Technologies like Docker and Podman revolutionize application
deployment and scalability.
• Kubernetes: Container orchestration platform, facilitating the management of
containerized applications.
• Internet of Things (IoT): Linux is a dominant force in IoT, powering a myriad
of connected devices.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Linux serves as the foundation for many AI and
machine learning frameworks.
• Edge Computing: Linux plays a crucial role in edge computing, enabling
processing closer to the data source.
SECTION 6:DEMO
SECTION
7:QUESTIONS AND
DISCUSSION
THANK YOU.
Affram Kwaku Ampem – 222CS01000694
Oppong Frank Konadu – 222CS01000692
Yartel Dennis - 222CS02000875