ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROCARBONS
The study of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry.
The study of organic chemistry of biological systems is called
biochemistry.
Most organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen, but may
contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or halogens.
 Hydrocarbons are compounds with only C and H.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND
HYDROCARBONS
Organic originally meant chemicals that came from organisms
Today, organic chemistry is the chemistry of virtually all compounds
containing the element carbon
 Over a million organic compounds, with a dazzling array of
properties
INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROCARBONS
 Hydrocarbon: a compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen
INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROCARBONS
 Carbon has 4 valence electrons, thus forms 4 covalent bonds not
only with other elements, but also forms bonds WITH OTHER
CARBON ATOMS
INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROCARBONS
Saturated compounds have only single bonds.
Unsaturated compounds have both single and double bonds/triple
bonds.
 Saturated means that no more H atoms can be added to the chain.
INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROCARBONS
WHAT ARE THEY?
Alkanes: hydrocarbons containing only carbon-carbon single bonds
 the first two alkanes are methane and ethane
ALKANES
Physical Properties
 Gases – liquids – solids
ALKANES
Many alkanes are used for fuels:
methane, propane, butane, octane
As the number of carbons increases, so does the boiling and melting
pt.
The first 4 are gases;
Next ten are liquids;
 higher alkanes are solids
STRUCTURE
Combined with the –ane ending is a prefix for the number of carbons
Homologous series- In alkanes, it is: -CH2-
 Alkanes can be straight chain or branched chain structures
STRUCTURE
A straight chain looks like this:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
 Any smaller chain that takes the placE of a hydrogen on a parent
hydrocarbon is called, a substituent, or the branched parT
SHOWING STRUCTURES
You can show structure in three ways:
a) the condensed structural formula
b) the full structure
 c) the line-angle formula:
NAMES
 The name of the alkane varies according to the number of C atoms
present
NAMING STRAIGHT-CHAIN
ALKANES
Names recommended by IUPAC (the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry) end with –ane, the root part of the name
indicates the # of carbons
 We sometimes still rely on common names, some of which are
well-known (ie polyethylene instead of polyethene) (ie Acetic acid
instead of ethanoic acid)
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANES
A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group.
Use the same prefixes to indicate the number of carbons,
but the –ane ending is now –yl
methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.
 Gives much more variety to the organic compounds
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANES
1. Count the number of Carbons in the main (parent) chain.
2. Number so branches have low #
3. Give position number to branch
4.Prefix more than one branch (di, tri)
 5. Use proper punctuation (,)
 Longest chain is Heptane
 side group is methyl
 Position is #3 carbon
 name is 3-methyl heptane
 is an isomer of octane C8H18
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANES
From the name, draw the structure:
1. Find the parent, with the –ane
2. Number carbons on parent
3. Identify substituent groups; attach
 4. Add remaining hydrogens
REVIEW OF ALKANES
What elements are present in an alkane
What is the prefix that means 4? 6? 1?
What types of alkane are there
 Draw a) line angle, b) condensed structure c) structural formulae
fori) propane ii)3methyl octane iii) 2ethyl butane For iii) what is
this more correctly named as.
ALKENES
Multiple bonds can also exist between the carbon atoms
Hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon double bonds are called
alkenes C=C C-C=C
 Called “unsaturated” if they contain double or triple bonds
NAMING ALKENES
Find longest parent that has the double bond in it
L New ending: -ene
Number the chain, so that the double bond gets the lower number
 Name and number the substituents
ALKYNES
Hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon triple bonds called
alkynes –CC-
Alkynes are not plentiful in nature
 Simplest is ethyne- common name acetylene (fuel for torches)
CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
The two ends of the carbon chain are attached in a ring in a cyclic
hydrocarbon named as “cyclo-
hydrocarbon compounds that do NOT contain rings are known as;
aliphatic compounds
 Rings less than 5 are unstable as the bonds are stressed and will
tend to easily break.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
A special group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons is known as
arenes
contain single rings, or groups of rings
originally called “aromatic hydrocarbons”, because of pleasant odour
simplest arene is benzene (C6H6)
 Term “aromatic” applies to materials with bonding like that of
benzene
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Benzene is a six-carbon ring, with alternating double and single
bonds
Benzene derivatives possible:
methylbenzene, 3-phenylhexane, ethylbenzene
Other commonly known aromatics are: napthalene, toluene, xylene,
phenol.
 Many aromatics are known carcinogens
GENERAL FORMULAE
Alkane CnH2n+2
Alkene CnH2n
 Alkyne CnH2n-2
COMBUSTION OF
HYDROCARBONS
SUMMARY – CARBON
CHEMISTRY
Hydrocarbons
Saturated – the alkanes – learn to C10
Structure, naming, branching
Unsaturated – alkenes & - kynes
Cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons
 combustion