Factors affecting ez reaction

explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme

concentration and substrate concentration on the
rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
Definition of limiting factor

In a process influenced by several factors, the factor present in

the lowest relative quantity is the limiting factor
1kg of all ingredients
Flour, eggs, butter, vanilla, sugar, baking powder
 Temperture : from low to optimum
• Higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move, more kinetic
energy
• More collisions between the ez and the substrate
• Higher chance for the formation of enzyme-substrate complex
• Since they move faster the collisions are of higher intensity or impact
force.
• Therefore a higher percentage of these collisions are effective collisions
where the energy level is at or above the activation energy of the
reactants
• Q10. rate of ez reaction double for 10 C increase in temp. 10 – 20 C
Below this temperature, the hydrogen bonds
and hydrophobic interactions that determine the enzyme’s
shape are not flexible enough to permit the induced fit that
is optimum for catalysis. Above the temperature optimum,
these forces are too weak to maintain the enzyme’s shape
against the increased random movement of the atoms in
the enzyme.
Temperature : from optimum to higher
• More kinetic energy, vibrations in the molecule and from
collisions between molecules break H bonds that maintain the
tertiary structure of the enzyme
• Enzyme gradually loses its specific 3 dimensional conformation
• Active site is less, gradually less complementary to the shape of
the substrate molecule
• Affinity of the enzyme at this condition for the substrate is lower
than at lower temperature
• Rate of formation of ES complex is lower
• Rate of reaction is lower
pH
• Break ionic bonds, by extreme pH
• Loss the specific 3 dimensional configuration, active site
• Affinity of the enzyme at these condition for the substrate is lower
than at optimum pH
• Rate of formation of ES complex is lower
• Rate of reaction is lower
• The enzyme is gradually denatured
• pH (Raven and johnson 153)

Ionic bonds/ interactions between oppositely charged (side chains of) amino
acid
residues, such as glutamic acid (–) and lysine (+), also hold (the tertiary
structure of the enzyme molecule)
enzymes together. These interactions are sensitive to the
hydrogen ion concentration of the fluid the enzyme is dissolved
in, because changing that concentration shifts the
balance between positively and negatively charged amino
acid residues. For this reason, most enzymes have a pH optimum
that usually ranges from pH 6 to 8. Those enzymes
able to function in very acid environments are proteins that
maintain their three-dimensional shape even in the presence
of high levels of hydrogen ion. The enzyme pepsin,
for example, digests proteins in the stomach at pH 2, a very
There is an excess of substrate (condition that is assume true)
The limiting factor for the rate of enzymatic reaction is the …………….
concentration
The higher the enzyme concentration the higher the rate of enzymatic
reaction
Enzyme concentration
• Assume excess/high conc of substrate
• Limiting factor is the enzyme concentration
• The higher…. The higher rate
• More ES complex form
• More active sites available to catalyse the reaction
Substrate concentration
• At Low substrate concentration , the higher the substrate
concentration the faster the rate of reaction because the substrate
concentration is the limiting factor
• There are still vacant active sites of enzyme available
• Higher
Increase substrate concn then the rate increases
There are vacant active sites of the ez, not fully
occupied by the substrate
Increase substrate conc, more active sites are being
occupied more ES complex form, rate of ez reaction
increase
The limiting factor for the rate of enzymatic reaction
is the substrate concentration
Frequency of collision between S and E is low
Meaning interval between collisions is long.
Increase substrate concn then the rate increases
remain constant
All active sites of the ez, not fully occupied by the
substrate, all the time
The limiting factor for the rate of enzymatic reaction
is the ……………. concentration
Frequency of collision between S and E is high
Meaning interval between collisions is very brief
There is an excess of substrate
A time interval when the active site is vacant occurs after each product
leaves the active site