HOUSE WIRING

PRESENTED BY
D. REGINA(950620105006)
EEE-Ⅳ YEAR
WIRING
Wire is used to transmit electricity from a power source to various electrical devices or
components within a structure. A cable is one which has more than one wire.
COLOUR CODE
The wire color code in India is based on the guidelines set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
Let’s explore the commonly used wire colors and their corresponding applications:

1. Live Wire (Phase) The live Wire, also known as the phase wire, carries the electrical current from the
power source to the electrical appliances or loads. In India, the live Wire is typically coded Red or Brown.

2. Neutral Wire: The neutral Wire carries the returning current from the electrical appliances to the power
source. The standard color for neutral Wire in India is Black.

3. Ground Wire (Earthing) The ground wire, also known as the earthing Wire, provides a path for electrical
current in the event of a fault or short circuit. The ground wire is typically coded in Green or Green with
Yellow Stripe.
GAUGE
The size of the wire is an indicator of how much electricity it can conduct. Wire sizes are
measured in gauges, which are inversely proportional to the size of the wire. The smaller the gauge
number, the bigger the wire will be and the more electricity it can carry.
 14-gauge
 12-gauge
 10-gauge
 8-gauge
 4-gauge
 3-gauge
 2-gauge
CONDUCTING MATERIALS
Conductors are a material that allows electrons to move freely from one atom to another. The
movement of electrons creates what we know as electricity. Electrons can freely move in a conductor since the
conductor has a very low resistance.
 Copper,
 Aluminum
 Gold
 Silver
For wiring, we only use copper and silver. The most common conductor is copper. Almost all wires
use copper as a conductor. Copper is good for wiring since it is cheap to make. Another common conductor is
silver. Silver is not used in wiring since it is much more expensive than copper. Silver id used in small spots on
relays or contactors.
INSULATING MATERIALS
The insulation protects the equipment from the charge on the conductor. Insulators have a very high
resistance. The high resistance prevents current from passing through the insulator. Electrical wires are almost
always covered with an insulator. Insulation prevents the conductors of wires from touching. If two conductors
unintentionally touch, then it creates a short circuit. Short circuits can damage electrical equipment

 Plastic

 Rubber

 PVC
TYPES OF CABLE
1. NM cable
2. Armored cable
3. Underground feeder cable
4. THHN/THWN wire
5. Low voltage wire
6. Phone and data wire
NM CABLE (ROMEX)

 Most common type of home electrical wiring.

 Contains three or more conductors in flexible

plastic sheathing.

 Used for dry, interior home wiring including

appliances, switches, and outlets.
ARMORED CABLE (AC OR BX)

 Features flexible metallic sheathing for extra

protection.

 Used where local ordinances restrict NM cable use.

 Not suitable for buildings over three stories or

commercial buildings.

 It can withstand high moisture areas.

UNDERGROUND FEEDER CABLE (UF)

 Contains insulated hot and neutral wires with a bare

ground wire.

 Solid plastic sheathing around each wire, gray outer

sheathing.

 Specifically designed for wet locations and direct

ground burial.

 Suitable for outdoor fixtures and major circuit

wiring.
THHN/THWN WIRE

 THHN represent Thermoplastic High Heat-Resistant

Nylon coated wire and is suitable for dry locations.

 THWN represent Thermoplastic Heat-Resistant Water-

Resistant Nylon coated wire withstands moisture areas,

 Hot wires: black, orange, or red; neutral: white or

brown; ground: green or yellow-green.

 Single conductors with color-coded insulation.

 Protected by plastic, pvc or tubular metal conduit.

LOW-VOLTAGE WIRE

 Used for circuits under 50 volts, e.g., doorbells, thermostats.

 Varies from 12 to 22-gauge, insulated or sheathed.

 Minimal risk of shocks but still turn off devices when working.

 It is used for doorbell, security system, audio visual system and in

communication lines.
PHONE AND DATA WIRE

 The phone and data wire is used for networking purposes and in telephone
cables.

 Category 5 (Cat 5) cable is common, containing eight wires in four pairs.

 More efficient and higher quality than standard phone wire.

 Handle with care to avoid contact with household wiring.

METHODS

1. Cleat Wiring

2. Batten Wiring

3. Casing and Capping Wiring

4. Lead Sheathed Wiring

5. Conduit Wiring
CLEAT WIRING
 Structure: The cables are fastened to walls or other surfaces using
porcelain, wooden, or plastic cleats. The wiring runs along the
surface in a visible manner. The cables are typically arranged in
straight lines along walls or ceilings, with cleats spaced at intervals
to secure the cables.
 Where: Cleat wiring is typically used in temporary installations or
for exposed wiring where aesthetics are not a concern. It's often
seen in workshops, sheds, or industrial settings.
 Current Usage: Cleat wiring is less common nowadays due to
safety concerns and the availability of more secure methods.
BATTEN WIRING

 Structure: Insulated conductors are supported by wooden battens

attached to the surface of walls or ceilings. The cables are arranged
in straight lines along the surface, with wooden battens providing
support and securing the cables in place.
 Where: Batten wiring is rarely used in modern installations due to
safety concerns. However, it might still be found in very old
installations or in temporary setups.
 Current Usage: It's largely obsolete due to safety issues associated
with exposed wiring.
CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

 Structure: PVC or metal casing encloses the insulated conductors,

with separate caps covering the casing. The casing and caps are
typically attached to the surface of walls or ceilings. The wiring
appears as rectangular channels running along the surface, with caps
providing a finished look and protecting the wiring.
 Where Used: Casing and capping wiring is commonly used for
concealed wiring in residential and commercial buildings,
particularly in areas where conduit wiring might be impractical or
too costly. It's suitable for various appliances and lighting fixtures
throughout the house.
 Current Usage: It's still widely used, especially in renovation
projects where retrofitting conduit wiring might be challenging.
LEAD SHEATHED WIRING
 Structure: Insulated conductors are enclosed in a protective lead sheath, providing mechanical and
moisture protection. The lead sheath is typically applied directly over the cables. The wiring appears as
cables with a thick lead covering, providing a robust and durable appearance.
 Where Used: Lead-sheathed wiring is typically used in industrial settings or in locations where wiring
is exposed to harsh environments, such as chemical plants or marine applications. It's used for heavy-
duty electrical equipment and machinery.
 Current Usage: It's still used in specific industrial applications where its durability and protection
properties are necessary.
CONDUIT WIRING
 Structure: PVC, metal, or flexible conduits enclose the insulated
conductors, either surface-mounted or concealed within walls or
ceilings.
 Surface Conduit Wiring: The conduits are installed on the surface of
walls or ceilings.
 Concealed Conduit Wiring: The conduits are hidden within the walls
or ceilings, resulting in a cleaner and more aesthetically pleasing
appearance compared to surface wiring. Only the outlets and switches
are visible, with no exposed wiring.
 Where: Conduit wiring is used for both surface and concealed wiring in
residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. It's suitable for all
types of appliances and lighting fixtures throughout the house. Conduit
wiring is widely used and is considered a standard method for electrical
installations due to its versatility, safety, and compliance with building
codes.
THANK YOU