BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

DI TEMPAT KERJA

Materi 11
Hamzah, SKM, MKKK
STIKES EKAHARAP
Palangka Raya 12 Januari 2024

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 Definisi Biohazard

“Those infectious agents presenting a risk of death, injury or

illness to employees.”

“Semua agen atau material infeksius yang dapat

menimbulkan risiko kematian, cidera, dan penyakit pada
pekerja”

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Two points to remember are:
1. Any accident involving biohazardous materials can
result in infection
2. When working with biological agents or materials of
which epidemiology and etiology are unknown or not
completely understood, it must be assumed that the
material presents a biohazard.

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Biohazard Symbols

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 Kelompok Biohazard
1. Makro Organisme : (termasuk zat yang dihasilkan)
- Tumbuhan
(Tumbuhan beracun, menyebabkan alergi, sensitizer,
dll)

- Binatang :
(Binatang buas di darat/air, parasit seperti: cacing, dll)

2. Mikro Organisme: (termasuk zat yang dihasilkan)

- Virus
- Bhakteri
- dll
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 BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS INCLUDE
BIOAEROSOLS

 Airborne particles of biological origin

bacteria, fungi, pollen, viruses
 and their by-products
endotoxins and mycotoxins
 and other fragments
excreta or insect parts, skin scales, hair
BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS ALSO INCLUDE

 Gases and vapors of biological origin that

can produce adverse health effects to
some individuals.
 BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
as used by ACGIH refers to

 Aerosols, gases and vapors of biological

origin of a type and concentration likely to
cause disease or predispose persons to
adverse health effects.
 Inappropriate levels indoors of bioaerosols
typically found outdoors.
 Biological growth of particles that may
become airborne and have an adverse effect
on exposed individuals.
 Occupational settings with potential exposure of
workers to biological agents

Sektor Contoh
Agriculture Cultivating and harvesting
Breeding and tending animals
Forestry
Fishing
Agricultural products Abattoirs, food packaging plants
Storage facilities: grain silos, tobacco and other processing
Processing animal hair and leather
Textile plants
Wood processing: sawmills, papermills,
cork factories
Laboratory animal care
Biotechnology Production facilities

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 Occupational settings with potential exposure of
workers to biological agents

Sektor Contoh
Health care Patient care: medical, dental , nurse,etc

Pharmaceutical and herbal

products
Personal care Hairdressing, chiropody

Clinical and research

laboratories
Day-care centres Production facilities

Building maintenance "Sick" buildings

Sewage and compost

facilities
Industrial waste disposal
systems
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Ways of Infection

 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Absorption
 Injection

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 Ways of Infection
POINT OF ENTRY
MEDIA AGEN DESEASE
(POSSIBLE)
UDARA AIRBORNE CONTAMINANT AIRBORNE DISEASE INHALASI
INGESTI
ABSORPSI

AIR WATERBORNE WATERBORNE DISEASE INGESTI

S CONTAMINANT

U MAKANAN FOODBORNE CONTAMINANT FOODBORNE DISEASE INGESTI

M DARAH BLOODBORNE BLOODBORNE DISEASE ABSORPSI

B CONTAMINANT INJEKSI
KONTAK FISIK
E
VEKTOR VECTORBORNE VECTORBORNE INGESTI
R CONTAMINANT DISEASE INJEKSI
KONTAK FISIK
SOIL SOILBORNE SOILBORNE DISEASE INHALASI
CONTAMINANT INGESTI
PERALA- - - KONTAK FISIK
TAN INHALASI
INGESTI
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 HEALTH EFFECTS
FROM BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
DISEASES
 Inflammation of Airways
 Tuberculosis
 Chronic Bronchitis
 Legionella  Hypersensitivity
 Anthrax Pneumonitis
 Q Fever  Asthma
 Rhinitis
 Conjunctivitis
 HEALTH EFFECTS
FROM BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS COMBINED EFFECTS

 Headache  Additive inflammatory

 Fatigue effects from exhaust

 Joint pain
gases, tobacco smoke
and nonbiological indoor
 Suppression of
air pollutants
immune system
 Pre-exposure to ozone
 Liver cancer from
increased sensitivity to
aflatoxin dust mite antigens
 Two Main Infectious Agents
 Viruses
 Smallest infectious organisms

 Take over cells, including reproductive mechanisms, and

multiply inside of “host” cells

 Few viral infections can be treated with anti-viral drugs

 Bacteria
 Single-celled microorganisms

 Produce toxins that damage cells

 Most bacteria can be treated with drugs

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 Main Concerns Today

 TB  AIDS

 HIV  Hepatitis

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 Tuberculosis (TB)
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, slow growing organism

 Not as easy to transmit as the common cold, contracted likely

from family & friends

 Breathing in respirable size water droplets in the air containing

the TB virus via coughing, sneezing, & talking, etc.

 If droplet nuclei reach the alveoli an infection develops

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 TB Risks & Problems
 People who are at high risks of contracting TB
 A.I.D.S & H.I.V.
 Diabetics & alcoholics
 People living in high population facilities
 Smokers (pipe, cigarettes, cigars, marijuana, etc.)

 TB problems in immigration areas of U.S., people coming from

former Soviet Union, etc.
 Not treated
 Mistreated
 Don’t take the medications

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 Blood borne Pathogens

“Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that

are carried in blood and cause disease”

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 Sources of Infection

 Items caked with dried blood (PPE)

 Sharps – needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc.
 Body fluids – semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, etc.
 Pathological and microbiological wastes
 Others – eyes, mouth, cuts in skin, body openings
 Careless behaviors

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Sources of Infection cont.,

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Sources of Infection cont.,

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 Human immunodeficiency virus (H.I.V.)
 Attacks & breaks down the body’s immune system

 Detected by screening test called ELISA, confirmed by Western

Blot test, which is 98% accurate

 Can take from 6-8 weeks to several months to develop antibodies

that are detectable in tests

 Can take up to 10 years for symptoms to develop, some much

sooner

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 HIV cont.,

 How spread and/or contracted

 sexual intercourse, transfusions, hypodermic needles, mucous or broken skin
sites

 At risk employees
 health care workers, public safety (police, fire personnel, etc.)

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 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)

 AIDS is the last stage of the HIV disease

 White blood cell count is below 200 per milliliter
 Presence of a severe condition or infection develops
 Basically waste away, no current cure for AIDS

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 Symptoms of AIDS

 Thrush – white coating  Discolored and/or bleeding

around mouth, tongue growths
 Rapid weight loss  Deep, dry coughing
 Severe diarrhea  Fevers and night sweats
 Abnormal bruising  Personality changes

HIGIENE INDUSTRI – HDR 2003 26

 Hepatitis

 Inflammation of the liver disease

 Types… A, B, C, D, E

 A, B, & C viruses most common

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 Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
 Food borne
 Preventable
 Vaccine available, 3 series shot
 HAV virus found in stool of persons infected
 Usually spread by mouth
 Found in poor sanitary conditions, or where personal hygiene is not good
 HAV is also found in drinking water and water supplies where stool feces is
mixed in

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 People at Risk for HAV infections

 Travelers
 Share household with someone infected with HAV
 People who eat in public
 Men who have sex with other men
 Children
 Healthcare professions

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 Symptoms & Prevention for HAV

 Eyes turn yellow, dark urine, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea,

vomiting, etc.

 Is most contagious in person before symptoms appear

 Can get Immune Globulin vaccine

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 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Blood-borne, not food-borne like HAV

HBV can be a lifelong infection
Is preventable with vaccine, but it is not curable once contracted
Symptoms (6 weeks to 6 months) – fever, chills, joint & muscle
pain, abdominal cramps, Jaundice, abdominal cramps
HBV Can cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and death
Killed more than a million people in 1995

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 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

 Related to types A & B

 Blood-borne
 Ranks 2nd to alcoholics for liver damage, alcohol speeds up
progression
 New, 1992 was the main discovery period, need more time to
research
 No current medication, no cure, leads to early death
 Interferon can help some cases

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Outcomes for A, B, & C viruses

 Type A – preventable, curable

 Type B – preventable, incurable

 Type C – no vaccine, incurable

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 Suggestions for Types A, B or C

 Stop drinking alcoholic beverages

 Avoid medications that are at risk to liver damage

 Eat well, exercise, and rest

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 Other Infectious Diseases

 Whooping Cough
 Develop a series of short, convulsive coughs followed by a whoop

 Measles
 Develop small red spots, fever and flu-like symptoms
 Cholera
 A severe, contagious infection in the small intestine
 Salmonella
 Causes food poisoning

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BIOAEROSOL SAMPLING
 Impaction
 Passive sampling
 Using Impaktor
 Impingement
 Active sampling
 Using Impinger
 Filtration
 Active sampling
 Using Filter

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 STANDAR

 Belum ada standard aman untuk pajanan

Biohazard  Reproductive
 Satuan :
 CFU/M3  Coloni Forming Unit per meter kubik
udara

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 Pengendalian sumber

 Enclosure
 Menutup proses
 Menyediakan sarana penyimpanan yang baik
 Local exhaust ventilation
 Preventive Maintenance
 Sterilisasi/Desinfeksi
 Etc.

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 Pengendalian pada media

 Good Housekeeping
 Immediately clean up
 Desinfeksi

 Ventilation
 Biological safety Cabinet

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 Worker Protection

 Wash hands thoroughly with antiseptic soap

 Wear appropriate PPE
 Gloves, gowns, masks, mouthpieces, etc.
 Cover exposed cuts, abrasions, wounds, etc.

 Remove PPE without touching contamination

 Vactination
 Training and Education
 Biological safety manual

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 Disposal or Cleaning of Contaminated
Materials

 Clothing should be washed at 160 F or higher for at least 25

minutes

 Store used sharps in puncture resistant, leak-proof container

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TERIMA KASIH

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