murambasvina

Particulate Matter
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
There are 3 states of matter:
o Solids
o Liquids
o Gases
• Arrangement of particles in the three states of matter
property solid liquid gas

Separation Close together Close together Very far apart

Arrangement Regular pattern/ fixed Random arrangement- Random motion

pattern/ no fixed pattern

Type of motion Vibrate about a fixed Slide over each other Random movement
point
• The properties of matter can be explained using the kinetic
theory of matter.
Kinetic theory of matter
States that:
All matter is made of very small particles that are indivisible.
The particles are in constant random motion in all directions.
They are spaces between particles.
The speed of the particle depends on temperature, mass of the
particles.
Solid Model:
• Particles are very closely packed in an orderly arrangement.
• There are strong forces of attraction between the particles
• The particles vibrate or rotate in fixed positions and have
lowest kinetic energies
• The particles are not free to move form one position to another
and cannot change position.
Properties of solids
Solids have:
 Definite shape
 fixed volume
 High Density
 Incompressible.
 Do not flow
Liquid model:
 There are weaker attractive forces between the particles than in solids.
 the liquid particles are loosely held together in a irregular and unfixed
manner
 The molecules are slightly further apart than in solids and are not held in
a fixed position.
 Particles can freely move together and slide over each other without
escaping from each other in a closed vessel.
Liquid Properties:
Liquids have:
 Definite volume
 No definite shape - Take the shape of the container.
 Higher density than gases.
 Not compressible, volume does not change when pressure is applied
 Flow easily since it is a fluid.
Gas Model:
• Gas particles are widely separated (very far apart)
• There are no forces or they are negligible forces of attraction between gas
particles.
• The gas particles move quickly and randomly in all directions
(independent and random motions)
• The particles have the greatest kinetic energy.
Properties of gases
 have no fixed volumes
 Take the shape of the container (no fixed shape)
 Lowest density
 Compressible, volume gets smaller when pressure is applied
 Flow in all directions.
Change of state
Change of state
 Is the change of state from solid to liquid at
constant temperature

Occurs when a solid is heated until the particle

vibrate strongly about a fixed point and break
the strong forces of attractions between them,
Melting The particles can slide over each other and
becomes loosely held resulting in the
formation of a liquid the change is called
melting
Temperature remains constant until melting
has completely taken place
 Is the change of state from liquid to gas

Occurs when a liquid is heated heating

until the forces between the particles break
boiling forming individual particles with no force
of attraction between them,

Particles escapes the liquid surfaces and

moves randomly in all directions thus a gas
is formed. The change is called evaporation
or boiling
 condensation
 Is the change of state from gas to liquid
 Occurs when a gas is cooled, the particle loose energy and become loosely
held on each other forming a liquid state.
 The change is called condensation.
 freezing
when a liquid is cooled the particles become more orderly arranged
and strongly held on each other forming a solid.
The change is called freezing or solidification

is the reverse of melting and occurs at exactly

the same temperature as melting,
the melting point and freezing point of a pure substance are the
same
Brownian Motion
• is random motion of visible particles in fluids(pollen grains or smoke)
• Is caused by random molecular bombardment (collision) of visible
particles with other much smaller, invisible ones (water particles) in the
fluid.
• This is evidence for the kinetic particle model of matter- it shows that
there are individual particles which make up solids/liquids/gases
Diffusion:
 is the random movement of liquid or gas particles to fill the available
space and spread evenly.
 It is also the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration
to a region of lower concentration.
In gases:
a gas jar of air and a gas jar of bromine connected
• A coloured gas, that is heavier than air, is put into a gas jar and a second gas
jar is placed over it separated with a cover.
• If the cover is removed the coloured bromine gas diffuses into the colourless
air above while the air particles diffuse into the spaces between the bromine
particles.
• The random movement of both lots of particles is enough to ensure that both
gases are completely mixed eventually.
• This is clear evidence for the process of diffusion due to particle movement.
Evidence for diffusion:
In liquids:
potassium manganate (VII) in a beaker of water
• Place a crystal of potassium manganese (VII) in a beaker of water.
• The colour spreads through the water slowly.
• First, particles leave the crystal – it dissolves.
• Then the particles mix among the water particles to form a uniform
solution.
Factor affecting diffusion:
Gases diffuse in different rates.
Molecular mass of the particles
• The greater the mass of the gas, the heavier it is and the slower it will diffuse.
• The lower the mass of its particles the faster a gas will diffuse.
• Because the lighter the molecules...the faster it will travel ammonia diffuses at a faster
rate that hydrochloric acid because it is lighter (Mr NH3 = 17) than hydrochloric acid
(Mr HCl = 36.5)
• The compound ammonium chloride is formed nearer to HCl showing that ammonia
has travelled greater distance than HCl.
The temperature
• The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will
diffuse.
• When a gas is heated, its particles gain kinetic energy,
and move faster.
• They collide with more energy, and bounce further
away.
• The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will
diffuse.
Presence of other substance.
 Diffusion is faster when it occurs in an area where there are fewer
particles of other substances present.
 Diffusion is extremely fast in vacuums because the diffusing particles
have less other particles to stand in their way.
Intermolecular spaces.
 gases diffuse much faster than liquids and solids do not diffuse.
 Diffusion in liquids is also called dissolving.