DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS

Characteristics of animals: Criteria for animal

• Latin word soul or breathe classification:
• Animals are found in almost all
types of habitat. Animals can be classified according to:
• They may be free living motile,
sessile or a parasite.
• They range in size from worms only a) Presence or absence of tissues.
seen with a microscope to blue
whales.
b) Number of tissue layer.
• Animals are:
 Eukaryotic
 Multicellular c) Body symmetry.
 Ingestive
 Heterotrophs
d) Types of body cavity.
 Lack cell wall.

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 a) Classification based upon organization of tissues

Animals can be classified according to the organization of tissues into two

sub kingdoms.
1. Parazoa
2. Eumetazoa
1. Parazoa:
• Parazoa includes the simplest multicellular animals.
• They lack tissue organization but show division of labour.
• They are asymmetrical. It includes all the sponges.
2. Eumetazoa:
• In Eumetazoa – similar cells are grouped together to form tissues.
• Tissues are assembled together to from organ.
• Different organs operate together as organ system.

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b) Classification based upon number of tissue layers
Animals can be classified on according to
number of tissue layers as:
i. Diploblastic animals.
ii. Triploblastic animals.
i. Diploblastic animals.
The body of diploblastic animals consists of
two germ layers of cells.
i. Ectoderm
ii. Endoderm
• Such animals have tissue level
organization. There is jelly like mesoglea,
between the two germ layers.
• There is no specialized organs.
• A neuron net is present.
• There is only one cavity gastro vascular
cavity with only one opening.
• Examples. Animals of phylum cnidaria.
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b) Classification based upon number of tissue layers
ii. Triploblastic animals:
The body of the triploblastic
animals consists of three germ
layers .
i. Ectoderm
ii. Mesoderm
iii. Endoderm
• After embryonic development
these layers in most triploblastic
animals are not distinct as
separate layers of cells, but are
represented by the structures
formed from them.
• The animals have specialized
cells, organs and organ system.

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 c) Classification based upon type of body symmetry
Animal can be classified according 2: Grade Bilateria:
to body symmetry. The sub • In Bilateral symmetry, a plane
kingdom Eumetazoa are divided through the midline of the body
into : divides it into equivalent right and
1. Grade Radiata. left halves that are mirror image.
2. Grade Bilateria. • All the animals included in grade
1: Grade Radiata: bilateria are triploblastic.
• It includes all the animals with • Bilateral symmetry is considered
radial symmetry having top and an adaptation to motility.
bottom and similar body parts
are arranged as spokes or
radiate from central body axis,
e.g., jelly fish, sea anemone.
• Radial symmetry is considered
an adaptation for a sessile life.

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6
Asymmetrical , symmetrical { Radial, Bilaterical}

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 d) Classification based upon type of body cavity
Animal can be grouped according
to type of body cavity or coelom, a
fluid filled space between the outer
body wall and the digestive tube.
1: Acoelomate:
• There is no body cavity between
the digestive tract outer body
wall, so these animals are called
acoelomate.
• The mesoderm is packed solidly
between the ectoderm and
endoderm, e.g., Platyhelminthes
( flatworms)
2: Pseudo coelomates:
• If the body cavity develops
between the mesoderm and
endoderm, it is called pseudo
coelom ( false cavity).
• Animals with this type of body
cavity are called pseudo
coelomates.
• e.g., Aschelminthes
(nematodes).
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Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate

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 d) Classification based upon type of body cavity
3: Coelomate:
• If the body cavity forms within
the mesoderm and is
completely lined by mesoderm
the body cavity is a true
coelom.
• It is filled with coelomic fluid.
• Animals with a true coelom are
called coelomate.
• All the animals from annelids
to chordates are coelomate.
• Coelomates can be divided into
two groups:
a) Protostomes.
b) Deuterostomes.
Protostomes & Deuterostomes.
• These groups reflect two main
lines of evolution based on their
pattern of early development.
• During development, the embryo
consists of a little ball of cells
known as blastula. A group of
cells move inward to form an
opening called the blastopore.
• In most of the molluscs, annelids,
and arthropods, this opening
develops into mouth. These
animals are protostomes. ( from
Greek words meaning “ first , the mouth”).
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 Protostomes & Deuterostomes.
• In echinoderms (for example, sea star and sea urchins) and
chordates, the blastopore develops into anus.
• The opening that develops into the mouth forms later in
development.
• These animals are the Deuterostomes (second, the mouth).

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Protostomes Deutrostomes

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13
 DIVERSITY IN ANIMALS
INVERTEBRATES: The animals which are without back bone are known
as invertebrates. They account for 95% of known animal species
• The invertebrates have been divided into eight major phyla.
1. Phylum Porifera.
2. Phylum Cnidaria.
3. Phylum Platyhelminthes.
4. Phylum Aschelminthes.
5. Phylum Mollusca.
6. Phylum Annelida.
7. Phylum Arthropoda.
8. Phylum Echinodermata.

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 Phylum Porifera (The most primitive animals)
• porus = Pores ferra = to bear
1. These are pore bearing animals, called
sponges.
2. All are aquatic. Out of total 5000
species 150 species live in fresh water.
3. Body is composed of many cells, but no
tissue formation and no organ
formation.
4. The body wall is made of an
i. outer layer, pinacoderm, made of cells
called pinacocytes.
ii. The inner layer choanoderm made of
flagellated cells called choanocytes.
5. Between these two layers is present
gelatinous mesenchyme

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 Phylum Porifera
7. There is single cavity inside the
body called spongocoel.
8. The pores through which water
enters the body called ostia and
pores through which water leaves
the body called osculum
9. No respiratory or circulatory
organs.
10. They are sessile. Food comes in
along with water currents.
11. Their food may be zooplanktons ,
phytoplankton, dead organic
matter.
12. Food enters through ostia and
ingested through choanocytes.

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 Phylum Porifera
13. Both asexual and sexual
reproduction. Asexual reproduction
takes place by budding or gemmules.
Bud develops into new sponges.
14. Sexual reproduction:
Sexual reproduction takes place by
eggs and sperms
15. Sexes may be separate or
hermaphrodite.
16. Protandrous: male develops early
Examples are spongilla and sycon.
Importance.
i. Skeleton of sponges is used for washing
and bathing.
ii. Used in surgical operations.
iii. Used for sound absorption in buildings.

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 Phylum Coelenterata /Cnidaria
• Grade Radiata
• Diploblastic animals
1. The cnidarians are entirely
aquatic, many marine, few found
in fresh water. e.g., Hydra.
2. Most of the species are sessile,
e.g., Hydra while other are free
living motile e.g., jelly fish
3. Some live in the form of colonies.
e.g., obelia alternation of
generation
4. The have double layer
organization and therefore called
diploblastic animals.
5. They have only one cavity called
gastrovascular or enteron cavity
which has one opening which
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serve as mouth
 Phylum Cnidaria
5. Body is radial symmetrical .
6. Mouth is surrounded by
tentacles, which bear stinging
cells called nematocysts.
7. Asexual reproduction takes
place by budding and sexual
reproduction by gametes. Soft coral
8. Cnidarians also occur in the plate coral
form of colonies. The units of
colonies are called Zooids.
There are two main types of
zooids.
i. Polyps which are feeding
zooids.
ii. Medusae which are
reproductive zooids, for
sexual reproduction.
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 Phylum Cnidaria
Importance:
1. Many colonial coelenterates like corals
produce hard exoskeleton of calcium
carbonate ( Ca CO3 ). The skeleton of
corals is responsible for the formation of
small coral islands or large coral reefs.
2 Coral reefs protect shores from erosion by
tidal waves.
3 Corals are used in jewellery and other are
used in aqauia, and rock gardons.
4 Some cnidarians have poisonous stings e.g.,
jelly fish and sea anemone.
• Portuguese man of' war (Physalia physalis)
• Polymorphism
• Jelly fish fast moving cnidaria

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 Phylum Platyhelminthes( Gaugenbaur)
• Unsegmented
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Dorsoventraly flattened
• Thin soft bodies
• Acoelomate
• Triploblastic
• Incomplete gut; has a mouth but no
anus; food enters and leaves same
opening
• Free living or parasitic
• Found in fresh water , marine ,
animal gut ,liver.
• Reproduce sexually, asexually, or
regenerate
• Asexual reproduction is by fission.
• Most forms are monoecious.
• The reproductive system is
complex, usually with well
developed gonads, ducts and
accessory organs.
• Eye spots are present in some
flat worms.
• Free living forms are motile.
They move by cilia. Present on
the underside of animals e.g.,
planaria.
• KPK: Platyhelminthes are
traditionally divided into four
classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea,
Trematoda, and Cestoda.
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 Phylum platyhelminthes
• Planaria ( Dugesia) Free • Tape worm (Taenia) Parasite
living

Evolutionary adaptations
• Digestive system is incomplete i.e
gastro vascular type. only one opening
mouth.
• Respiratory and excretory system is
absent. (Protonephridia-flame cells)
• Only by diffusion
• Nervous system consists of a pair of
ganglia and longitudinal nerve cord.22
Phylum platyhelminthes
Importance
Parasites are harmful for
mandkind.
Tape worm ,
liverfluke (Fasiola hepatica),
have man,snail or sheep as
a host
Blood fluke of cattle.

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 Phylum Aschelminthes
NEMATODA (Round worms)
• Free living or parasite.
• Live in soil, roots, human and
animal intestine and muscles.
• Some are microscopic, some are
less than 5 cm and some are
more than one meter in length.
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Trioploblastic
• Pseudo coelomates.
• Body tapering at both ends
• Digestive system composed of
long tube, opens anteriorly in
mouth and posteriorly in anus.

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 Phylum Aschelminthes
NEMATODA (Round worms)
• Muscular layer is not
continuous. It is divided into
four longitudinal quadrants.
• Two dorsolateral and two
ventrolateral.
• Most nematodes are
dioecious.
• Fertilization is internal
• Excretory system-
Protonephridia
Importance.
 Ascaris lumbericoides lives
in the intestine of man.
 Pin worm (Enterobius
vermicularis) are parasite in
human caecum and colon
and appendix causing
insomnia and loss of
appetite.
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 Phylum Mollusca (Moalis-soft body)
• 80000 Species (KPK) 50000 PTB
• Free living or sessile.
• Live in fresh water, marine and land
( moist places)
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Triploblastic and coelomate.
• Soft and un segmented animals.
• Body is divided into,
i. Head
ii. Ventral muscular foot
iii. Dorsal visceral region.
• The animal is covered in an
envelope called mantle. It secretes
shall.
• Shell may be external ( snail) or
internal ( cuttle fish) or absent
( octopus). 26
 Phylum Mollusca (soft body)
• Mouth may have a tongue like
structure called radula. e.g.
snail, cuttle fish.
• Respiration takes place by gills,
lungs, mantle cavity or by body
surface.
• Coelom is divided into sinuses.
• Sexes may be separate. e.g. unio
or unite e.g. Helix.
• Development through
trochophore larva.
• Glochidium larva (KPK)
• Examples : Snail, slug, Oyster,
freshwater muscle and Octopus. 27
 Phylum Mollusca (soft body)
2ND largest phylum
Blue color blood hemocyanin
Giant squid largest
invertbrate
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE.
i. Their shells are used in button
industry and to make ornaments.
ii. Some oysters make pearls. e.g.,
pearl oysters.
iii. Source of food. e.g. oysters, calms,
muscles. 28

iv. Slugs destroys trees in gardens

v. Toredo a ship worm damages the
wooden part of ships.
Phylum Mollusca (soft body)

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 Phylum Annelida(Little Ring)

• First true Coelomates

• Annelids are called segmented
worms.
• They are free living ( earth worm) or
Ecto parasites. (leech, hirudo).
• Found in the soil, fresh water, and
marine ( Neries).
• Metamaric segmentation.
• Circulatory, digestive and nervous
systems extends throughout the 30
 Classes of Mollusca
• Six major classes • Class Bivalvia
• Class Gastrapoda • Two piece shell
• Asymmetrical • Respire through plate
• One shell like gills
• Both on land and water • Mytilus (Marine water
• Have gills in water Mussel)
• Helix aspersa called • Ostrea (Oyester)
garden snail • Anodonta ( Fresh water
• Limax called slug Mussel)

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• Cephalopoda
• Highly active animals
• Bilateral symmetry
• Loligo( Squid)
• Sepia (Cuttle fish)
• Octopus (Complex
brain)

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 Phylum Annelida
• Triploblastic and coelomates.
• Coelom is separated into
compartments.
• Coelomic fluid of adjacent
chamber is mixed.
• Coelomic fluid serves as a
hydrostatic skeleton.
• Mouth is surrounded by
prostomium.
• Closed circulatory system.

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 Classes
• There are 3 classes • Class Oligocheata
• Class Polychaeta • Move through setae
• Have Palps and • Hermaphrodite
tentacles • No larva formed
• Locomotion by • Earthworm
Parapodia • Class Hirudinea
• Trocophore larvae • They have fixed rings
• Nereis • They have suckers
• Aquatic
• Hirudo 34
 Phylum Annelida
• Respiratory system is absent, through general body surface.
• Body wall contain circular and longitudinal muscles, which help in
locomotion.
• Organ of locomotion are chitinous chaetae or setae.
• Parapodia are present in Neries.
• Most of annelids are hermaphrodites. Leech, earthworm
• Some have separate sexes. e.g. Nereis.
• Fertilization is external
• Development is direct or through Trochophore larvae.
• Regeneration is common in Annelids.
• Examples: Nereis, Pheritima ( earthworm), Hirudo ( Leech)
• Excretion through nephridia

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 Phylum Arthropoda. (Arthos.joint)
• Jointed footed animals.
• Free living and parasites.
• Found in all types of
environment.
• Body is segmented
• Some are worm like and some
are flying insects.
• Segments are modified,
specialized and fused.
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Body is divided in to 3 parts.
head , thorax, abdomen.
• Respiration by trachea, which
are air tubules. Spiracles.
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 Phylum Arthropoda.

Body is covered by chitin.

• It is flexible in many places to allow
articulation.
• There are several pairs of appendages.
• Coelomic cavity is reduced and called
heamocoel through which blood flows.
• Mouth parts are modified from
appendages and adopted for different
methods of feeding.
• Both arthopoda and annelids have
common origin

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 Phylum Arthropoda
• Exoskeleton.
• Sexes are separate.
• Male and female are usually
unlike.
• Reproductive organs and ducts
are paired.
• Fertilization is mostly internal.
• Development takes place
through metamorphosis.
-------------------------------------
• Used in scientific research.
• Insects destroy field crops.
• Bees and wasps sting. Mosquito
lice and fleas bite. Arachnids.
Economic importance.
• Lobsters, cray fish and prawns
are eaten.
• Some crustaceans act as
intermediate host for human
parasite. e.g. cyclops carry
larvae of a nematoad.
• Insects have commercial
importance. e.g. honey and
bee’s wax by honey bees.
• Silk by silk worm.
• Shellac from wax is secreted by
lac insect.
• Pollination in flowers.
• Act as scavenger. 38
 Adaptations
• Aquatic form have gills
• Terrestrial have book
lungs (Spiders) or air
tubes called trachea
• For excretion have
Malphigian Tubules and
produces uric acid.

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 Phylum Echinodermata
• 5000 species
• The echinoderms are called
spiny skinned animals.
• They are free living, some
are sessile, attached to the
substratum.
• They are exclusively marine.
• Body is covered by delicate
epidermis.
• Triploblastic.
• Coelomates.
• Radial symmetry in adults. The anus is on aboral side.
• They have endoskeleton There is central disc from which arms radiate.
consisting of spine bearing The body may be flattened like biscuit. ( cake
calcium bearing plates. urchin ) star fish(Asterias)
Star shaped, globular ( sea urchin)
Phylum Echinodermata

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 Phylum Echinodermata
• Coelom consists of canals and
spaces. One or which form
water vascular system.
• Organ of locomotion are tube
feet
• No specialized organ for
respiration and excretion.
• Nervous system is poorly
developed. • Fertilization is external.
• No brain. However nerve ring • The larvae such as bipinnaria and
is present around the brachiolaria are complex and
pharyngeal region. exhibit bilateral symmetry.
• Sexes are separate. • Regeneration is common.
• Examples: star fish, brittel star.etc.
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 Phylum Hemichordata
• They show both characteristics of echinoderms and chordates.
• Both are deuterostomes.
• Hemichordates are also called pro -chordates because their close relationship
with chordates.
• Examples balanoglosis, saccoglossus.
• All are marine. Tornaria larva
• Also called acorn worms.
• Some are solitary, naked and slow moving.
• Some are sedentary.
• Body is soft, un segmented and worm like .

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 Phylum Hemichordata
Tongue worm
• Body has three regions :
• Proboscis, collar , trunk.
• Bilateral symmetry
• Triploblastic.
• Coelomates.
• sexes may be separate or united
• Fertilization is external.
• Free swimming larva is present

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 Phylum Hemichordata
Evolutionary adaptations:
• Respiration by one pair to many pairs of gill slits forming
dorsal row behind collar.
• Dorsal heart and two longitudinal vessels. (Dorsal &
Ventral)
• Both vessels are connected by lateral vessels.
• Blood is colourless without corpuscles.
• Excretory system consists of golmerulus situated in the
proboscis and connected with blood vessels.
• Nervous system is diffused.

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 Phylum Chordata
All chordates posses four basic
characteristics.
a) Notochord
b) Dorsal hollow nervous system
c) Gill slits
d) Post anal tail
a. Notochord: The notochord is a
solid unjointed rod located in the
mid- dorsal line between gut and
the central nervous system outside
the coelom. It gives support to
the body and provide space for
muscle attachment. In higher
chordates it is replaced by
vertebral column.
b. Dorsal Hollow Nervous system:
The central nervous system of all
the chordates consists of a single,
tubular fluid filled, situated along
the mid dorsal line above the
notochord and above the coelom.
c. Gill Slits: The gill slits
(pharyngeal pouches) are paired
perforations on the lateral side .
d. Post anal tail: It extends beyond
anus; present at least in embryo;
regresses into tail bone in
humans.
46
Phylum Chordata

47
 Classification of Chordates
The phylum Chordata has been sub divided into two groups.
a) Proto-Chordata ( Acrania) : In which brain is not
enclosed in bony case.
b) Craniata: In which is enclosed in a bony case and
notochord has been replaced by vertebral column.
a) Proto-Chordata ( Acrania) : Proto-Chordata has been divided
into two sub phyla:
i. Subphylum Urochordata
ii. Subphylum Cephalochordata

48
 Classification
• There are two groups according to PTB
• Super class Pisces
• Super Class Tetrapoda
• While NBF classify on the basis of Cranium

49
 Phylum Chordata
Group Proto-Chordata (Acrania)
Sub phylum Urochordata
• The body is covered by a covering
called tunic so they are called
tunicates.
• On the outside are two projections:
i. The incurrent siphon which is
anterior end of the body.
ii. Excurrent siphon that makes the
dorsal side.
• Notochord and nerve chord only in
the free swimming larvae.
• Adults are sessile.
Examples: Ascidia, Halosymthia etc.
Tunicates

50
 Phylum Chordata
Group Proto-Chordata (Acrania)

Subphylum
cephalochordata:
• Body is fish like. It has no
head but tail is present.
• Notochord and nerve chord
extend along the entire
length of the body and
persist through out the life.
• There is no organ of
respiration.
Example: Amphioxus (Lancelets)

51
 Sub phylum Vertebrata ( Craniata)
• Animals have cranium, in which brain vii. There are one or two median fins and
is enclosed. paired appendages in cephalospidomorphi.
• Possess vertebral column. viii. Ventral suctorial mouth.
2 super classes ix. Heart with one auricle.
a) Agnatha b) Gnathostomata x. Six to fourteen pairs of gills.
SuperclassAgnatha: xi. Digestive system lack stomach.
Cyclostomata xii. Sexes separate in lamprey.
( jawless fishes) xiii. Hag fish hermaphrodite.
xiv. Fertilization external.
It is divided into two classes:
Myxini and Cephalospidiomorphi
i. Most primitive vertebrates.
ii. Without jaws.
iii. Body is long eel-like.
iv. Scales absent.
v. No paired appendages and no Hag fish
dorsal fin in class Myxini. Lamprey
52
vi. Cartilagenous skeleton.
 Sub phylum Vertebrata ( Craniata)

b) Supper class Gnathostomata

It is divided into six classes:
1. Class Chondrichthyes.
2. Class Osteichthyes.
3. Class Amphibia.
4. Class Reptilia.
5. Class Aves.
6. Class Mammalia.
53
Hag fish

54
 Sub phylum Vertebrata ( Craniata)
1: class chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
This class includes sharks and rays.
1. Body is laterally compressed and
spindle (fusiform) shaped.
2. Mouth ventral.
3. Placoid scales on the body.
Homologus to teeth.
4. Skin is tough and covered with
minute placoid scale.
5. Pectoral and pelvic fins are
paired. There are two dorsal
fins.
6. The caudal fin is heterocercal.

55
 Sub phylum Vertebrata ( Craniata
1: Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
6. Endoskeleton is entirely cartilaginous.
7. Digestive tract leads into the cloaca.
8. J shaped stomach.
9. The circulatory system consists of two chambered heart. There is one
atrium and one ventricle.
10. There are 5 to 7 pairs of aortic arches.
11. 5 – 7 pairs of gills with out covering (Operculum).
12. No swim bladder.
13. Sexes are separate.
14. Oviparous or viviparous.
Examples: Sharks, dogfishes, rays, skates and chimaeras.

56
 Sub Phylum Vertebrata ( Craniata)
2: Class Osteichthyes 8. Pelvic and pectoral fins
are paired while dorsal fin is
(bony fishes)
single.
1. Body is usually spindle shaped
9. The caudal fin is
and streamlined for active
homocercal.
movement through water.
10. Mouth is usually terminal,
2. Endoskeleton is partly or
often bears numerous
wholly bony.
teeth.
3. Vertebrae are numerous.
11. Jaws are well developed.
4. Pelvic girdle is often absent.
12. Anus is present and cloaca
5. Notochord persists in a greatly is absent.
reduced form.
13. The four pairs of gills are
6. Skin usually contains dermal supported by a bony arch.
scales embedded in the dermis. They are covered by
7. Both median and paired fins operculum.
are present.
57
 Sub phylum Vertebrata ( Craniata)
2: Class Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
14. Swim bladder is usually present.
Swim bladder helps in buoyancy.
15. Red blood cells are oval and
nucleated.
16. Brain with 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
17. Sexes are separate.
18. Gonads are paired.
19. Fertilization is generally external.
20. Most forms are oviparous ( egg
laying), some are ovoviviparous or
even viviparous.

58
 3. Class Amphibia
• Amphibians live both in water as well
as on land.
• Body is divisible in to head, trunk
and tail.
• Most have two pairs of pent dactyl
limbs with 4 to 5 or few digits.
• Some are without legs. e.g. caecilians.
• Webbed feet often present. e.g. Frog.
• Skin is often smooth, moist and rich
in glands. • In larval stage respiration bygills
• Skin is richly supplied with blood • Heart is three chambered.
capillaries and respiratory.
• Sinus venosus , truncus arteriosus
• Scales are generally absent.
are present.
• In some glands are poisonous. • Double circulation in heart.
• Chromatophore pigment cells are • Sexes are separate. 59
present.
 Class Amphibia
• Gonads are paired.
• Fertilization is external or internal.
• Most are oviparous.
• Development through
metamorphosis.
• Amphibians are an amniotes.
• Body temperature variable. i.e.
poikilothermic.
• Most of amphibians go to
hibernation.
• Appeared in Devonian Period
• Evolved from Lobed fin fishes
Examples: Frogs, Toads,
Salamanders, caecilian,
mud puppy. 60
 Class Reptilia
• Two pairs of pent dactyl limbs.
• Five digits.
• Skin is rough, cornified, dry.
• Heart is incompletely 4
chambered, except crocodile.
• cold blooded animals. i.e.
piokilothermic.
• Hibernate in winter.
• Sexes are separate.
• Gonads are paired.
• Fertilization is internal. • Eggs have leathery or limy
• Mostly oviparous. shell.
• Eggs are large, amniotic and • Embryo is protected by three
have large amount of yolk. embryonic membranes.
Amnion, allantois, chorion. 61
• Reptiles flourished in
Mesozoic Era
• Jurassic period is age of
Dinosaurs and also
cretaceous period
• Archeopteryx flourished
in Jurrasic period
• Tuatra (Sphenodon)
found in New Zealand

62
 Class Aves
• Body of Aves is streamlined and
boat shaped.
• Body is divisible in to head, neck,
trunk and tail.
• Neck is long and tail is short.
• Two pairs of penta dactyl limbs.
• Fore limbs are modified in to
wings.
• Hind limbs are large, strong and
adapted for perching, walking or
swimming.
• Body is covered with epidermal
feathers and scales of feet.
• In skeleton air spaces are present,
which make them lighter.
• Skull has large sockets. 63
64
 Class Aves
• Jaws extend to horny beak.
• Teeth are absent.
• Heart is four chambered.
• There is only right aorta.
• Birds are endothermic.
• Respiration by lungs.
• Air sacs are present in
different viscera for fresh
supply of air.
• Voice box the syrinx lies at
the junction of trachea and
bronchi.
• gizzard for crushing food.
• Alimentary canal has
muscular structure called
• A pair of kidneys for
excretion.
• Ureter opens in to the cloaca.
• Urinary bladder is absent.
• Urine is semi solid and
contain uric acid.
• Archeopteryx 1st bird the
tailed lizard bird
• Keeled sternum for flight
• Nicitating membrane
65
66
 Class Mammalia
• Body is variously shaped and
divisible in to head, neck, trunk
and tail.
• Two pairs of pentadectyl limbs
adapted for walking, running,
burrowing and swimming or
flying.
• Skin is glandular, mostly covered
with hair.
• Coelom is completely divided into
anterior smaller thoracic cavity
and posterior larger cavity by a
muscular partition the diaphragm.
• Endoskeleton is fully ossified.
• Skull has two occipital condyles.
• Large cranium.
• External ear pinna is present.
• Chain of three bones in ear are
Incus, Malleus and Stapes.
• Mammals have deciduous and
permanent teeth.
• Heart has four chambers.
• Only left aortic arch is present.
• RBC are non nucleated.
• Mammals are warm blooded
animals (endothermic).
• Voice apparatus is well developed
and consists of larynx and epiglottis.
• They give birth to their young ones.
67
 Mammali
• Name derived from • Mammals was
mammary gland dominant at Cenozoic
• Coin by Carolous era
Linnaeus • Mammals have evolved
• Mammal like reptile from reptilian ancestor
discovered from Texas called Cotylosaurs
• Ancestors were size of
mice

68
 Class Mammalia
Prototheria Metatheria Eutheria

Prototheria: ( The Monotremes)

• Provide connecting links between
reptiles and mammals.
• Some are adopted aquatic life. e.g.
Duck bill platypus. Which has bill 69
similar to duck and webbed toes.
• They have mammary glands and
feed their young ones with milk.
• They are ovi viviparus.
• Like reptiles they posses cloaca
and cloacal opening, instead of
separate openings.
• Examples; duck bill platypus
spiny ant eater (Echidna)
 Class Mammalia
Metatheria ( Marsupials)
• The female has abdominal
pouch called marsupium, where
they rare their young ones.
• The nipples are in the pouch.
• The mother keep young ones in
pouch, till they are mature
enough.
• They give birth to under
developed babies.
• Found in Australia and
America
• Examples: Opossum, Kangaroo,
Tasmanian wolf.
70
 Class Mammalia
Eutheria (The Placentalis )
1. Development of young one
takes place inside the body of
mother. The young’s are
borne fully developed
2. They are dependent on
placenta (an organ for
exchange between maternal
blood and fetal blood). So
these mammals are called
placental mammals.
3. In some hair have been
modified into scales as in
pangolin and spines in
Porcupine.
Examples: man, whale, elephant,
horse, rat, bat, dolphin, lion,
gorilla 71
Class Mammalia

72
Class Mammalia

73