QU E S T I O N E D D O C U M E N T

EXAMINAT I O N - F I N A LS
rim
ANGELIE C. DE CASTRO, RC
ELEMENTS OF HANDWRITING &
PROCESS OF HANDWRITING
COMPARISON
HANDWRITING
• It is a style or manner of writing by hand, especially that which
characterizes a particular person.

• Penmanship (Calligraphy) – the art or skill of writing by hand.

• Cacography – means a bad handwriting or spelling.
Handwriting is identified through these several
points of comparison, namely;

• 1. SLOPE OR SLANT – the angle or inclination of the axis of letters

relative to the baseline.
Handwriting is identified through these several
points of comparison, namely;

• 2. SIZE OF HANDWRITING – It is a body or height of handwriting.

• According to timesofindia.com, the size of a person’s handwriting
can indicate the writer’s needed for attention.
Large Handwriting – suggest extroversion and desire to be noticed.
Small Handwriting – imply introversion and attention to detail.
Causes of changes in the size of writing:

• a. Used as a measure of disguise.

• b. Change in speed:
Rapid movement tend to decrease the size.
Slow writing tends to increase the size.
• c. Fatigue – when one gets tired, the size of writing will often be
reduced.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•3. RATIO AND PROPORTION OF WRITING

•The relation between the tall and short letters is referred to

as the ratio of writings.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 4. RELATIVE SIZE OF LETTERS

• The relative size of letters is lost, when:
• 1. A writer is under influence of either mental or physical restraint.
• 2. There is a deliberate change of slope to disguise the handwriting.
• 3. The unaccustomed hand, usually the left, is used.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 5. INITIAL STROKE – the initial or beginning stroke of a letter or word.

Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 6. TERMINAL SPUR – an upward horizontal or downward final stroke

usually seen in small letters.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 7. CONNECTING STROKES – a continuous line joining two adjacent

letters or words in cursive writing.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 7. LETTER DESIGNS
• Typography – is the art of arranging letters and text in a way that
makes the copy legible, clear and visually appealing to the reader.
• Involves font style, appearance, and structure, which aims to elicit
certain emotions and convey messages.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 9. HIATUS – is a gap between strokes or a break or interruption in

continuity.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

• 10. PEN LIFT – the raising or lifting of the writing instrument and its
subsequent reapplication to the paper causing a hiatus or brief gap
in the line.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•11. HESITATION – the irregular thickening of the ink line when

the writing slows down or stops while the writer takes stock
of the position.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•12. LATERAL SPACING (spacing of a word) – is considered as a

common characteristic when combined to the ordinary
copybook form.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•13. SHADING – the splitting of the pen nib, resulting in the

widening of the ink lines, as controlled by the variation in
pen pressure.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•14. LINE QUALITY - refers to the smoothness, evenness,

continuity, and directness of strokes.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•15. WRITING INSTRUMENT

Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•16. ALIGNMENT – is the relation of parts of the whole line of

writing or line of individual letters in a word to the baseline.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•17. RHTYHM – the flowing succession of motion which is

recorded as the harmonious recurrence of stress, impulse.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•18. Tremor – it is the writing by irregular, shaky strokes or

one that deviates from a uniform stroke.
Handwriting is identified through these several points of
comparison, namely;

•19. Variation in Handwriting – these are normal or usual

deviation found between repeated specimen of any
individual handwriting or in the product of any typewriter.
Causes of Variation:
• 1. Lack of machine – like precision in the human body.
• 2. External Factors:
Writing instrument
Writing position
• 3. Physical and mental conditions of the writer like:
Fatigue Intoxication

Illness Nervousness Age of writer

• 4. The quality of writing prepared in the course of time

COMMON TERMS AND DESCRIPTION
ARC OR ARCH
• Any arcade form in the body of the letter.
BEARD
• A rudimentary curved initial stroke.
BLUNT ENDING/ BEGINNING
• This are result of the drawing process in forgery.
BUCKLE KNOT
• The horizontal and looped strokes that are often used to complete
such letters.
CENTRAL PART OR BODY
• The part of a letter ordinary formed by a small circle that usually lies
on the line of writing.
EYE LOOP OR EYELET
• The small loop formed by strokes that extend in divergent directions.
FOOT OF THE LETTER OR OVAL
• The lower portion of any downstrokes which terminated on the base
line.
DIACRITIC
• An element added to complete certain letters.
HITCH
• The introductory backward stroke added to the beginning or ending
of many capital letters or small letters.
HOOK OR TROUGH

• The bend, crook, or curve on the inner side of the bottom loop or
curve or small letter. A minute and involuntary talon-like formation
often found at the commencement of an initial stroke, upstroke or at
the end of the terminal stroke.
HUMP
• The rounded outside top of the bend, crook or curve in small letters.
SPUR
• Short horizontal beginning stroke.
KNOB
• Rounded appearance at the beginning or ending stroke.
MAIN STROKE OR SHANK STEM
• Downward strokes of any letter.
WHIRL
• The upward stroke usually on letters that have long loops.
SPACE FILLER OR TERMINAL SPUR
• an upward horizontal or downward final stroke usually seen in small
letters.
 ALTERATION
are the changes made on a document after its original preparation.
KINDS OF ALTERATION

• 1. ERASURE – the removal of writing, typewriting or printing from a document.

• a. Chemical Erasure – the writing is effaced by the use of liquid ink eradicator.
• b. Mechanical or Abrasive Erasure – the writing is effaced by rubbing with a
rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp instrument.
KINDS OF ALTERATION

• 2. OBLITERATION – the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make

the original invisible or undecipherable.
KINDS OF ALTERATION

• 3. ADDITION – any matter made a part of the document after its

original preparation.
KINDS OF ALTERATION

• 4. SUBSTRACTION – any matter rubbed out, strike out and/ or

scratched out after its original preparation.
KINDS OF ALTERATION

• 5. INTER-LINEATION or INSERTION – it includes the addition of writing

and other material between lines or paging or the addition of whole
pages to a document.
KINDS OF ALTERATION

• 6. SMEARED – OVER WRITING – often accomplished by covering or

smearing over the original writing with an opaque substance.
DECIPHERMENT
• The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced.
• Refers to the process of reading or making out the material, which is illegible
without actually developing or restoring the original on the document itself.
INK ERADICATOR
• Consists of chemical solutions, which are capable of erasing ink.
SECRET INK

• A material used for writing which is not visible until treated by some
development process or substance.
BALL POINT PEN – a writing instrument FOUNTAIN PEN – a modern nib which
which has as its marking tip a small freely contains a reservoir of ink in a specially
rotating ball bearing which rolls the ink in designed sack or chamber.
the paper.
 COUNTERFEITING
A fraudulent imitation (a forgery) of a trusted brand and product.
COUNTERFEIT NOTE – this is an
imitation of a legal genuine note, a likeness
or resemblance intended to deceive or to be
taken for that which is original, legal and
genuine.
COUNTERFEIT COIN – an imitation or
forging of the particular design of a genuine,
legal and authorized coin, regardless of its
intrinsic value.
 HOW TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT
CENTRAL BANK NOTES AND COINS
PAPER

• A genuine note is course and rough while a counterfeit one is smooth and slimy
and the prints are mere stains on the coating of the sensitized glossy paper.
PORTRAIT

• It “appears-like”, the eyes sparkle. The tiny dots forming the details of the face,
hair, etc. are clear, sharp and well defined.
WATERMARK

• It is the same as the colored portrait. The design is placed during the
manufacture of the paper.
SECURITY THREAD

• This is a special thread placed vertically on the paper during manufacture. It is

flat and grayish in color.
SECURITY FIBER

• These are the red and blue fibers scattered at random on both surfaces and can
be readily pricked off by means of a needle or a pointed instrument.
BACKGROUND

• These are multi-colored and are composed of sharp lines which are continuous
and traceable even at the joints.
COLOR

• Genuine note have polychrome background with one predominant color for
each denomination.

• 1, 000 – light blue 200 – green

• 500 – yellow 50 – red

• 100 – mauve 20 - orange

POLYMER BANKNOTES

• These are made from synthetic polymer substrates (polypropylene) that

consists of chains of joined individual molecules or monomer.
SERIAL NUMBER

• The prefixes and numbers six of them except on replacement note are clearly
printed. They have a peculiar style and are uniform in size and thickness.
VIGNETTE

• The lines and dots composing the vignette are fine, distinct and sharp; the
varying color and tone gives a “bold look” to the picture that make it “stand out”
of the paper.
SPECIAL FEATURES ON PESO BILL

• Fluorescent Print – also called invisible print, one of the feature that appears at
the center of the face of the note which is not seen by the naked eye except by
the use of ultraviolet light.
MICROPRINTS
MICROPRINTS
LATENT IMAGE/ CONCEALED VALUE

• True only for P500 denomination.

• Located at the lower left corner of the face of the note.
• Recognizable when the note is held at the eye level.
OPTICALLY VARIABLE INK

• Special characteristics of the P1000 denomination which changes color from

color green to blue or gray when the note is held at different angles.
COINS
GENUINE COINS

• Show an even flow of metallic grains.

• The details of the profile, the seal of the Republic of the Philippines, letterings
and numerals are high relief, that they can be readily felt distinctly by running
the fingers on these features.
COUNTERFEIT COINS

• Feels greasy and appear slimy.

• The letterings and numerals are low and worn out due to lack of sharpness and
show signs of filing.

• The beadings appear as irregular and elongated depressions.

• They are not as sharp and prominent as in the genuine.