 Course Details:

• Course Name: Anatomy-I

• Course Code: BMS02101
• Credit hours: 4(3-1)
 Instructor:
Dr. Arooj Hanif, PT
UIPT,UOL
 Topic of Lecture:
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES.
 Learning Objectives:
Students may able to learn:
Definition of bone, cartilage.
Functions of bones.
Classification of bones on the basis of
shape, structure & Development.
Difference between the bone & cartilage.
Functional Classification of Joints.
 INTRODUCTION
Bone:
Bone is the one-third connective
tissue, forming the main
supporting framework of the
body. The in-organic Calcium
salts make it hard and rigid.
Osteology:
The scientific study of
bones is known as Osteology.
 Functions of Bones:

a. Support, Protection & Movement:

1. Gives shape and appearance to the body.
2. Bones provide Supports to body weight.
3. Protects sensitive parts of the body.
b. Blood Cell Formation:
The red bone marrow found in the
connective tissue.
• c. In-organic Salt Storage:
• Functions as a storage deposit for many of
the body needs. For example: (Calcium,
Potassium, Sodium etc.)
• The matrix of bone tissue is rich in calcium
salts and vital metabolic processes require
calcium.
 Cartilage:
Cartilage is a smooth elastic tissue, rubber-
like padding that covers and protects
the ends of long bones at the joints and
nerves, and is a structural component of
the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the
bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs,
and many other body components. It is
not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is
stiffer and less flexible than muscle.
Functional Classification of Joints
 The point in human skeleton where
two bones join together is called a
joint.
 There are three types of joints which
are mentioned below:
1. Synarthroses:
Immoveable Joints.
Example: Suture
2. Amphiarthrosis:
Slightly/Partially moveable joints.
Example: Intervertebral disc.
3. Diarthrosis:
Di mean “Two” arthosis mean “joint
formation”. Freely moveable joints.
For-Example: Shoulder joint, hip joint,
Synovial membrane.
Fig. Example of Amphiarthrosis.

Fig. Example of Diarthrosis.

 OUTLINE
• Introduction.
• Types Of Bones:
A.Types of bone on the basis of shape:
1. Long bones.
2. Short bones.
3. Flat bones.
4.Irregular bones.
5.Pneumatic bones.
6. Sesamoid bones.
 OUTLINE

B. Types on the basis of development:

1. Membranous bones.
2. Cartilaginous bones.
3. Membro-cartilaginous bones.
C. Types on the basis of region:
1. Bones of Axial skeleton.
2. According to Microscopic approach:
a. Fibrous bone.
b. Lamellar bone.
c. Woven bone.
d. Dentine and Cement.
1. Long Bones:
These bones typically have an elongated
shaft and two expanded ends one on either
side of the shaft. The shaft is known as
diaphysis and the ends are called epiphyses.
For-Examples: Humerus, femur,
Radius Ulna, Tibia and fibula etc.
Fig. Femur, Long Bone.
2. Short Bones:
These bones are short in posture
and can be of any shape.
They have no shaft and are
as long as they are wide.
For-Examples: The carpal and
tarsal bones. Hand and the foot
bones.
Fig. Carpal Bones, Short Bones. Fig. Tarsal Bones, Short Bones.
 3. Flat Bones:
Flat bones are made up of a
layer of spongy bone between
two thin layers of
compact bone. They have Fig. Scapula, Flat Bone.
a flat shape, not rounded.
These bones are flat in
appearance.
Examples: Scapula, Ribs,
Sternum etc.
Fig. Sternum & ribs, Flat bones.
 4. Irregular Bones:
These bones are completely
irregular in shape.
For-Examples: vertebrae, hip bone
and bones in the base of skull.
Fig. 1st & 2nd Cervical of vertebra,
 The irregular
j from their
bones which,
Irregular bone.

peculiar form, cannot be

grouped as long, short, flat
or sesamoid bones.
Fig. Hip bone, Irregular bone.
5. Pneumatic Bones:
Pneumatic bones can also be categorized
under the irregular bone. The
characteristic difference is the presence
h
of large air spaces in these bones which
make them light in weight and thus they
form the major portionm of skull.
For-Examples: Sphenoid, Ethmoid,
Maxilla etc.
Fig. Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxilla , Pneumatics Bones.
6.Sesamoid Bones:
These are in the form of
nodules embedded in
tendons and joint, capsules.
h
For-Examples: Patella, Pisiform,
Fig. Patella, Sesamoid Bone.
Fibula etc.
m

Fig. Pisiform, Sesamoid Bone.

B. On The Basis Of Development:
There are three basic types which
are mentioned below:
1. Membranous bones.
um
2. Cartilaginous bones.
3. Membro-cartilaginous
w
bones.
1. Membranous bones:
These bones ossify in membrane from
mesenchymal condensations. Membranous
j
bone/ dermal bone directly formed in
connective tissue.
For-Examples: Bonesmof the vault of skull
and Facial/ face bones. Part of the clavicle
are membranous bones.
Fig. Bones of Skull & Face, Membranous bones.
2. Cartilaginous Bones:
They ossify in cartilage and thus
derived from performed cartilaginous
models.
For-Examples: Thoracicn cage/Rib
cage (between the manubrium and
sternum etc.) n

Fig. Thoracic cage, Cartilaginous bones.

 Fig. Clavicle,
Membrano-
Cartilaginous bone.

n
Fig. Mandible, Fig. Temporal,
Membrano- Membrano-
cartilaginous bone.
n Cartilaginous bone.

3. Membran -o-cartilaginous Bones:

They ossify partly in membrane and partly in
cartilage.
For-Examples: Clavicle, Mandible, Temporal etc.
C. On The Basis Of Region:
It is divided into two types, they are:
1. Axial Skeleton.
n
2. Appendicular Skeleton.

j
1. Bones Of Axial Skeleton:
These bones forms the axial skeleton of the
body. The axial skeleton is the part of
the skeleton that consists of the bones of
the head and trunk ofna vertebrate. In the
human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones.
 For- Examples: Bones m of skull, Thoracic
cage, Sacrum, Coccyx, rib & Vertebral
Column.
Fig. Bones of Axial Skeleton.
 m
Fig. Upper limb, Clavicle & Scapula Fig. Lower limb, Pelvic Girdle
Girdle bones of Appendicular Skeleton. bones of Appendicular Skeleton.

2.Bones Of Appendicular
m Skeleton:
These bones forms the Appendicular skeleton
of the human body.
For-Examples: bones of the limbs and
girdles of limbs.
D. On The Basis of Structure:
m into two parts,
They are sub divided
which are:
1. Macroscopic Approach.
2. Microscopic Approach.

m
1. Macroscopic
Approach:
a. Compact Bone:
Compact bone is dense in
m
texture but is extremely
porus. It is the primary
nm
component of long bone. Fig. Macroscopic structure of the
 For-Example: In the cortex of femur(Long Bone).

cortex of long bones.

b. Cancellous OR Spongy Bone:
The part of bone where there is more
empty space and less bone tissue.
For-Example: The inner part of Long
Bones. n

Fig. The Macroscopic Structure of the inner part of

Femur(Long Bone).
 2. Microscopic Approach:

Fig. Microscopic structure of Fetus of Human.

a. Fibrous Bone:
These have more fibers in them. Also
known as immature bones. Ossification
begins as mesenchymal cells form a
template of the future bone.
For-Example: Found only in fetus, sockets
of alveolar bones and sutures of the skull.
Fig. Microscopic structure of Lamellar arranged in piles in a cancellous
bone.
b. Lamellar Bone:
Most of the mature human bones, whether
compact or Cancellous, are composed of
thin plates of bony tissue called lamellae.
Lamellar bone, which has a regular parallel
alignment of collagen into sheets and it is
mechanically strong.
For-Example: Formed on the periosteal
surface of diaphysis.
c. Woven Bone:
Occurs initially in fetal bones. In adults
woven bone is created after fractures. It is
also known as fibrous bone. Woven bone
n
characterized by a haphazard organization of
collagen fibers and is mechanically weak.
For- Example: Seen innfetal bone, fracture
repair and in cancer of bone.
Fig. Microscopic structure of Woven bone .
d. Cementum and Dentine:
Cementum is a specialized calcified
substance covering the root of a tooth.
Cementum is the part of the peridontium that
m bone by
attaches the teeth to alveolar
anchoring. It hardens to act as an adhesive
glue. Dentine is one of mthe hard tissue of
the teeth which constitutes most of its bulk.
For-Example: Occurs in teeth.
Fig. Dentine of a tooth. Fig. The Cementum of a human tooth.
 Do you know?
• Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant
cartilage.
• By age 25 the skeleton is completely
hardened. m
• 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20%
of body mass) n
• 80 bones of the axial skeleton.
• 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton.
• The largest bone in the human skeleton is
Femur.
• Babies are born with about 300 bones.
• Almost a third of bones of babies
eventually fuse together to form the 206-
bone skeleton of an adult.
 Video links
https://youtu.be/vjIYW-B13A4
 MCQ’S QUESTIONS
1. By age of ------- the skeleton is completely hardened:
(a) 25
(b) 23
(c) 20

2. ----- is a specialized calcified substance covering the

root of a tooth:

(a) Dentine

(b) Cementum

(c) Both

3. Woven Bone Occurs initially in:

(a) Adult bones

 (b) Fetal bones

(c) None

4. The immature bone is called:

(a) Fibrous Bone
(b) Synovial
(c) Cartilaginous bone
5. Compact bone is dense in texture but it is extremely:

(a) Not porus

(b) Porus

(c) None
 MCQ’s Answer’s Key
1st (a)
2nd (b)
3rd (b)
4th (a)
5th (b)

SEQ’s
Question:
Write a note on the Classification of bone on
the basis of Shape ?
  Learning Outcomes:
• Every student will be explain the basic knowledge of
human anatomy and functional classification of joints.
• All students will learn about the classification of the bones
and how it functions.
• The students would be able to describe the Classification of
bones on the basis of shape, structure and development.
• Every student would be able to differentiation between bone
and cartilage.
• Every student will be analyze and synthesis their
knowledge and skills to create effective anatomy teaching
and learning tools.
References:
A Textbook of General Anatomy by
Ghulam Ahmed.
A Textbook of (Atlas of Human Anatomy)
5th Edition by Frank H. Netter, MD.
Textbook of (Clinical Anatomy by Regions
9th Edition) Richard Snell, MD, PhD.

61