IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LEACHATE ON

THE
GROUND WATER RESOURCES

by
Shaheda Niloufer
Department of Environmental Sciences

Company
Under the esteemed Guidance name
of
Dr.A.V.V.S. Swamy, M.Sc. , D.E.Sc, Ph.D

ACHARYA NAGARUNA UNIVERSITY

Nagaruna Nagar, Guntur
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Study Area
 Methodology
 Results
 New Observations
 Conclusion
 Publications

2
 Introduction
 Man – Producing – Waste

 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) includes commercial &

residential wastes generated in municipal or notified
areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical
wastes. (MSW Management & Handling rules, 2000)
 Management of waste pose risks
MSW management gets the lowest priority in
most of the low and middle income countries
like India.
5
 Ground water contamination
- open dumping & land
filling operations
6
OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the ground water
quality.
2. To assess the quality of Leachate.
3. To study the impacts of the
Municipal Solid Waste dumps on
the ground water with FEPA, BIS
and WHO standards.
4. To study the seasonal changes of
ground water parameters.
5. To study the seasonal changes in
the quality of leachate.
6. To assess whether the leachate
contaminated the ground water in
the vicinity.
7. Make recommendations to
prevent further contamination.
7 7
VIJAYAWADA – GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

Vijayawada

8
Vijayawada
• Second largest city in Andhra Pradesh

• Agricultural and commercial capital of Andhra Pradesh.

• The average elevation of the land of the city of Vijayawada is about 39 feet above the sea
level.

• There are four types of soils in the area, viz., Black cotton soils (58%), Sandy clay loams
(23%), Red loamy soils (17%), and Sandy soils (2%).

• The Hydro-Geological data reveals that the groundwater table in general is shallow, due to
the vicinity of Krishna River.

Solid waste generation in Vijayawada city

Generation 650 Tons / Day
Population 10,48,240 (2011 Census)
Vehicles 70 Nos.
Vehicle Depot 1 No.
Dumping Yards 5 Nos.
Sanitation Staff 4,000 Nos.
Sanitary Divisions 43 Nos.
9
TWO DUMPSITES OF VIAYAWADA

11
PATHAPADU & AJITH SINGH NAGAR DUMPSITES

Photos of Pathapadu & Ajith Singh Nagar dump sites

2009 2015

12
 Pathapadu Dumpsite

 Location
 Nearest human habitat
 Area
 Sampling stations at the site: S-II( 180 mts), S-III(200 mts),
S-IV(600 mts) & LS-I.
 Control station for ground water (S-I) (14.2 Km from PPD & 10.7
Km from ASN dumpsites)- Gurunanak Colony. 13
 Ajith Singh Nagar Dumpsite

 Location
 Nearest human habitat.
 Area
 Sampling stations: S-V (150 mts), S-VI (180 mts) & LS-II

14
 LITERATURE

 Kumar and Bajaj (2013) discussed about the cities of India with growing
population, changing life styles, migration of people from rural areas to urban areas
and rapid industrialization end up generating an enormous quantity of urban waste
(Municipal Solid Waste) every day.

 Many studies also identified that the land filling of municipal solid waste is a
common waste management in many parts of the world.(El-Fadel et al., (1997),
Dsakalopoalous et al., (1998), Jhamnani et al., (2009), Longe and Balogun
(2010).

Abolfazl et al., (2008) and Akoteyon et al., (2010) studied that most of the sites are
not intended and engineered towards sanitary landfill for the purpose of solid waste
disposal.

 One of the biggest problem associated with dumping of solid waste is managing
15
METHODOLOG
Y

16
 GROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORING
 Sampling is done at : 5 sampling
stations at two dump sites & a control
station.
 Monitoring stations : India Mark II
Deep Well Hand Pumps near the MSW
dump sites.
 Standard APHA methods are used for
analysis
 Periodicity of sampling is : Monthly.
 Samples collected: 144
 Monitoring data : Two seasonal cycles
i.e., June 2012 to June 2014.
17
GROUND WATER SA
MPLES

18
LEACHATE
SAMPLES

COLLECTED AT
TWO
DUMPSITES
19
 Sampling Parameters
Field Major ions Nutrients Other Dissolved Oxygen
Parameters analysts metals demand
Temperature Calcium Nitrates Fluorides Boron BOD

pH Magnesium Phosphates Silicates Cadmium COD

TDS Sodium Chromium

EC Potassium Lead

DO Chlorides Nickel

Zinc
S. No. Parameters Methodology References
1 Temperature (oC) Direct, Mercury Thermometer
2 pH Electrometric method Digital pH meter (Hanna make of APHA (1998)
model PHEP)
3 Totlal Dissolved Solids (mg/L) Electrometric, (Hanna make with model number DiST- APHA (1998)
4)
4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) Electrometric method Conductivity meter (Hanna make APHA (1998)
with model number DiST-4)
5 Total Alkalinity (mg/L) Volumetric analysis, Titrimetric Grasshoff (1999)
6 Total Hardness (mg/L) EDTA Titrimetric method APHA (1998)

7 Calcium Hardness (CH) Titrimetric method APHA (1998)

8 Magnesium Hardness (MH) Titrimetric method APHA (1998)
9 SPADNS Method, Colorimeter APHA (1998)
Fluorides (ELICO make)
10 Ammonium Molybdate method APHA (1998)
Silicates Spectrophotometer
11 Sodium (Na+) Flame Photometer (ELICO make) APHA (1998)
12 Potassium (K+) Flame Photometer (ELICO make) APHA (1998)
13 Chloride Argentometric, Titration APHA (1998)
14 Nitrates- N (mg/L) Phenol Disulfonic Acid (PDA) method Grasshoff (1999)

15 Phosphates (mg/L) Stannous chloride method Spectrophotometric Grasshoff (1999)

16 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Modified Winkler’s method APHA (1998)
17 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/L) Winkler modified, Titration APHA (1998)
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) Open Reflux Method APHA (1998)
19-25 Heavy metals (B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni AAS (Perkin Elmer-AAnalyst 300) APHA (1998)
& Zn)
21
RESULTS

22
 Control Station S-I
WHO-
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard
Standard
1 Temperature (oC) 28.79±0.66 - -
2 pH 7.46±0.188 6.5-8.5 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 520.41±32.63 500 -
4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) 776.74±48.70 750 -
5 Total hardness 235.16±15.60 300 -
6 Calcium Hardness 30.62±5.371 75 -
7 Magnesium Hardness 204.542±18.68 50 -
8 Total Alkalinity 151.167±20.87 200 -
9 Fluorides 0.127±0.054 1 1.5
10 Silicates 4.28±0.543 - -
11 Sodium 173.625±18.56 200 -
12 Potassium 18.03±4.198 - -
13 Chlorides 173.62±18.56 250 -
14 Nitrates 1.93±0.793 45 50
15 Phosphates 0.078±0.048 - -
16 Dissolved Oxygen 6.02±0.92 6 >5
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 0.137±0.064 5 5
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 1.862±0.321 10 10
19 Boron BDL 1 0.5
20 Cadmium ND 0.01 0.003
21 Chromium ND 0.05 0.05
22 Copper ND 0.05 -
23 Lead BDL 0.1 -
24 Nickel 0.002±0.002 - 23
-
25 Zinc 0.110±0.022 5 -
Except TDS & EC rest of the parameters
were with in the limits specified by BIS
& WHO at the S-I.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature ( C)
o 29.45±0.218 28.46±0.611 28.47±0.262
2 pH 7.48±0.246 7.48±0.067 7.41±0.233
3 Total Dissolved Solids 523.6±35.078 511.25±37.59 526.25±30.41
4 774.21±579.99 729.47±62.71 785.44±45.39
Electrical Conductivity(μmhos/cm)

5 Total Hardness 243.37±16.08 236.62±28.95 225.25±18.47

6 Calcium Hardness 27±5.825 30.25±4.627 34.5±3.186
7 216.375±20.460 236.625±28.951 190.625±17.044
Magnesium Hardness
8 Total Alkalinity 177.375±7.308 132.75±7.374 143.375±9.773
9 Fluorides 0.09±0.036 0.1±0.036 0.175±0.039
10 Silicates 4.335±0.271 3.72±0.264 4.81±0.392
11 169.125±19.592 173.75±19.973 178±16.783
Sodium
12 Potassium 19.425±3.345 13.925±2.055 20.75±3.551
13 178±16.783 173.75±19.973 169.125±19.583
Chlorides
14 Nitrates 2.845±0.552 1.437±0.270 1.512±0.522
15 Phosphates 0.11±0.013 0.018±0.007 0.101±0.035
16 Dissolved Oxygen 7.185±0.471 5.57±0.392 5.32±0.231
17 0.135±0.051 0.175±0.070 0.095±0.055
Biological Oxygen Demand
18 2.11±0.241 1.825±0.186 1.645±0.352
Chemical Oxygen Demand
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium ND ND ND
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper ND ND ND
23 Lead BDL BDL BDL
24 Nickel 0.001±0.0004 0.003±0.004 0.001±0.0003
25 Zinc 0.0985±0.037 0.117±0.008 250.116±0.007
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at S-I
Rainy Summer Winter
Temperature Magnesium Total Dissolved
hardness Solids
pH BOD Electrical
Conductivity
Total Hardness Nickel Calcium hardness

Total alkalinity Zinc Total alkalinity

Nitrates Fluorides

Phosphates Silicates
Chlorides Sodium

DO Potassium
COD
 Station-II
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard WHO-Standard

1 Temperature (oC) 29.78±1.37 - -

2 pH 7.31±0.15 6.5-8.5 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 2730.38±393.02 500 -
4 Electrical Conductivity(μmhos/cm) 4149.43±632.73 - -
5 Total Hardness 1433.54±1135.62 300 -
6 Calcium Hardness 59.08±12.07 75 -
7 Magnesium Hardness 1386.96±1195.31 50 -
8 Total Alkalinity 526.91±135.76 200 -
9 Fluorides 0.96±0.94 1 1.5
10 Silicates 16.21±2.16 - -
11 Sodium 566.19±89.25 200 -
12 Potassium 85.30±17.41 - -
13 Chlorides 583.78±125.16 250 -
14 Nitrates 0.804±0.73 45 50
15 Phosphates 0.22±0.17 - -
16 Dissolved Oxygen 1.43±1.11 6 >5
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 0.74±0.56 5 5
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 8.57±6.73 10 10
19 Boron BDL 1 0.5
20 Cadmium 0.003±0.001 0.01 0.003
21 Chromium ND 0.05 0.05
22 Copper 0.024±0.005 0.05 -
23 Lead 0.052±0.012 0.1 -
24
25
Nickel
Zinc
0.042±0.009
0.317±0.033
-
5
27
-
-
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Total alkalinity, Sodium,
Chlorides & Cadmium were exceeding the
limits specified by BIS & WHO at the S-
II.
• DO was not within the BIS specified
limit.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 30.66±0.875 29.46±1.736 29.23±0.982
2 pH 7.26±0.1304 7.32±0.153 7.34±0.179
3 Total Dissolved Solids 2617.37±442.54 2728.5±467.76 2800.25±369.14
4 4085.06±714.72 4183.75±760.57 4179.47±550.95
Electrical
Conductivity(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 1799.62±1920.74 1437.75±733.85 1063.25±220.19
6 Calcium Hardness 55.87±15.078 53.125±8.051 68.25±8.454
7 Magnesium Hardness 1781.25±162.25 1384.62±735.52 995±223.64
8 Total Alkalinity 607.25±162.25 453.5±112.68 532.02±110.13
9 Fluorides 0.47±0.575 1.2±0.957 1.22±1.1871
10 Silicates 15.75±0.537 15.34±1.419 17.535±3.334
11 Sodium 561.83±103.052 604.72±119.68 532.02±17.091
12 Potassium 78.495±23.764 96.545±15.11 80.86±7.266
13 Chlorides 665.595±167.622 568.85±81.719 516.91±87.978
14 Nitrates 0.745±0.557 0.975±0.530 0.685±1.054
15 Phosphates 0.245±0.171 0.056±0.094 0.375±0.070
16 Dissolved Oxygen 1.025±1.100 2.185±0.997 1.1±0.973
17 0.56±0.588 1.095±0.507 0.56±0.494
Biological Oxygen Demand
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 2.195±3.086 7.935±4.963 15.585±3.946
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 0.003±0.0008 0.0025±0.0009 0.0035±0.0016
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 0.02±0.004 0.020±0.004 0.026±0.004
23 Lead 0.058±0.003 0.056±0.007 0.039±0.012
24 Nickel 0.041±0.011 0.047±0.010 0.038±0.006
25 Zinc 0.321±0.011 0.323±0.050 29
0.308±0.035
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at S-II
Rainy Summer Winter

Temperature Sodium pH
Total Hardness Potassium Total Dissolved
Solids
Magnesium Nitrates Electrical
hardness Conductivity
Total alkalinity DO Calcium hardness
Chlorides BOD Fluorides
lead Nickel Silicates
Zinc Phosphates
COD
Cadmium
Chromium
 Station-III
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard WHO-Standard
1 Temperature (oC) 29.4±1.14 - -
2 pH 7.49±0.24 6.5-8.5 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 4155.42±529.64 500 -
4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) 6195.89±799.08 - -
5 Total Hardness 1796.54±994.43 300 -
6 Calcium Hardness 56.91±9.95 75 -
7 Magnesium Hardness 1739.63±997.63 50 -
8 Total Alkalinity 568.04±182.75 200 -
9 Fluorides 1.33±0.89 1 1.5
10 Silicates 14.89±3.69 - -
11 Sodium 672.43±88.42 200 -
12 Potassium 84.48±17.59 - -
13 Chlorides 947.23±2091.75 250 -
14 Nitrates 1.19±2.20 45 50
15 Phosphates 0.15±0.23 - -
16 Dissolved Oxygen 1.69±1.53 6 >5
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 1.01±1.11 5 5
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 7.22±4.58 10 10
19 Boron BDL 1 0.5
20 Cadmium 0.002±0.001 0.01 0.003
21 Chromium ND 0.05 0.05
22 Copper 0.036±0.007 0.05 -
23 Lead 0.128±0.050 0.1 -
24 Nickel 0.035±0.010 - -
25 Zinc 2.169±0.230 5 31
-
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Total alkalinity, Fluorides
Sodium, Chlorides & Lead were
exceeding the limits specified by BIS &
WHO at the S-III.
• DO was not within the BIS specified limit.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 29.97±0.735 29.18±1.576 29.03±1.010
2 pH 7.42±0.267 7.42±0.115 7.67±0.292
3 Total Dissolved Solids 3997.5±709.01 4174±508.15 4294.5±280.64
4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) 5947.75±1072.16 6230.2±758.62 6409.69±418.87
5 Total Hardness 1959.62±1525.01 1787.75±912.92 1642.25±377.17
6 Calcium Hardness 52±16.175 59.75±4.989 59±3.151
7 Magnesium Hardness 1907.62±1528.20 1728±6925.29 1583.25±376.91
8 Total Alkalinity 624.5±200.17 494.25±231.26 585.37±101.57
9 Fluorides 0.865±0.541 0.95±0.882 2.17±0.686
10 Silicates 14.97±0.697 15.6±1.347 14.125±6.782
11 Sodium 668.85±89.174 658.985±99.093 689.47±92.790
12 Potassium 72.525±25.142 87.075±4.917 93.845±8.456
13 Chlorides 1712.06±3779.831 363.675±203.936 765.95±381.284
14 Nitrates 2.025±3.854 0.33±0.099 1.21±0.677
15 Phosphates 0.281±0.339 0.018±0.039 0.151±0.174
16 Dissolved Oxygen 2.065±1.542 1.76±2.024 1.26±1.106
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 1.375±1.423 0.997±1.241 0.66±0.573
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 6.235±4.891 6.5±5.509 8.93±3.484
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 0.002±0.0009 0.001±0.0004 0.002±0.0012
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 0.039±0.001 0.033±0.011 0.036±0.005
23 Lead 0.116±0.013 0.096±0.030 0.172±0.062
24 Nickel 0.035±0.004 0.041±0.012 0.029±0.010
25 Zinc 2.108±0.048 2.34±0.279 2.05±0.215

33
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at S-III
Rainy Summer Winter

Temperature Calcium Hardness pH

Total Hardness Silicates Total Dissolved
Solids
Magnesium Nickel Electrical
hardness Conductivity
Total alkalinity Zinc Fluorides
Nitrates Sodium
Phosphates Potassium
DO COD
BOD Lead
Copper
 Station-IV
WHO-
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard
Standard
1 Temperature (oC) 29.65±0.66 - -
2 pH 7.5±0.21 6.5-8.5 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 3609.42±1516.85 500 -
4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) 5412.18±2265.04 - -
5 Total Hardness 1419.04±1381.74 300 -
6 Calcium Hardness 35.70±12.30 75 -
7 Magnesium Hardness 1383.33±1381.33 50 -
8 Total Alkalinity 567.75±117.55 200 -
9 Fluorides 1.82±0.90 1 1.5
10 Silicates 10.59±5.60 - -
11 Sodium 898.42±142.20 200 -
12 Potassium 44.4±29.50 - -
13 Chlorides 509.74±365.42 250 -
14 Nitrates 19.4±20.01 45 50
15 Phosphates 0.25±0.25 - -
16 Dissolved Oxygen 4.57±1.95 6 >5
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 1.6±0.87 5 5
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 7.93±4.68 10 10
19 Boron BDL 1 0.5
20 Cadmium ND 0.01 0.003
21 Chromium ND 0.05 0.05
22 Copper ND 0.05 -
23 Lead BDL 0.1 -
24 Nickel 0.029±0.006 - -
25 Zinc 0.243±0.021 5 35
-
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Total alkalinity, Fluorides
Sodium, Potassium & Chlorides were
exceeding the limits specified by BIS &
WHO at the S-IV.
• DO was not within the BIS specified limit.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 29.96±0.534 29.52±0.358 29.46±0.934
2 pH 7.53±0.170 7.44±0.125 7.51±0.325
3 Total Dissolved Solids 3058±1952.84 3331.5±1454.59 4438.75±230.80
4 Electrical Conductivity 4564.17±2914.68 5047.38±2204.05 6624.99±344.48
(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 1164.12±1647.99 1825.75±1685.30 1267.25±772.79
6 Calcium Hardness 34.25±20.140 37.75±6.351 35.125±8.027
7 Magnesium Hardness 1129.87±1648.45 1788±1684.85 1232.125±770.95
8 Total Alkalinity 558.25±109.11 543.75±153.78 601.25±101.62
9 Fluorides 1.13±0.482 1.75±1.087 2.6±0.425
10 Silicates 8.41±0.314 8.095±0.400 15.26±8.541
11 Sodium 899.785±101.629 911.87±80.373 883.62±226.906
12 Potassium 41.86±23.422 61.785±38.893 29.545±8.414
13 Chlorides 483.26±327.629 532.285±573.220 513.67±99.178
14 Nitrates 23.345±22.128 19.28±18.279 15.585±19.603
15 Phosphates 0.192±0.117 0.127±0.042 0.43±0.381
16 Dissolved Oxygen 3.035±1.296 5.885±1.404 4.785±2.178
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 1.17±0.762 2.235±0.596 1.385±1.006

18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 8.555±5.952 4.71±1.834 10.515±4.004

19 Boron BDL BDL BDL

20 Cadmium ND ND ND
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper ND ND ND
23 Lead BDL BDL BDL
24 Nickel 0.024±0.002 0.026±0.002 0.036±0.005
25 Zinc 0.241±0.017 0.243±0.032 370.242±0.017
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at S-IV
Rainy Summer Winter

Temperature Sodium Total Dissolved

Solids
pH Total hardness Electrical
Conductivity
Nitrates Calcium hardness Total Alkalinity

Magnesium Fluorides
hardness
Sodium Silicates
Potassium Phosphates
Chlorides COD
DO Nickel
BOD
 Station-V
WHO-
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard
Standard
1 Temperature (oC) 29.17±0.85 - -
2 pH 7.48±0.26 6.5-8.5 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 4074.33±1211.22 500 -

4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) 6080.87±1807.43 - -

5 Total Hardness 1375.64±918.65 300 -

6 Calcium Hardness 50.04±18.27 75 -
7 Magnesium Hardness 1324.71±916.26 50 -
8 Total Alkalinity 414.5±129.58 200 -
9 Fluorides 0.89±0.58 1 1.5
10 Silicates 8.67±7.06 - -
11 Sodium 866.53±207.46 200 -
12 Potassium 52.58±25.06 - -
13 Chlorides 1017.73±345.80 250 -
14 Nitrates 1.59±1.27 45 50
15 Phosphates 0.60±0.31 - -
16 Dissolved Oxygen 1.60±1.55 6 >5
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 0.62±0.66 5 5

18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 7.37±2.56 10 10

19 Boron BDL 1 0.5
20 Cadmium 0.002±0.001 0.01 0.003
21 Chromium ND 0.05 0.05
22 Copper 0.003±0.001 0.05 -
23 Lead 0.135±0.010 0.1 -
24 Nickel 0.116±0.002 - 39 -
25 Zinc 1.680±0.165 5 -
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Total alkalinity, Sodium,
Chlorides & Lead were exceeding the
limits specified by BIS & WHO at the S-
V.
• DO was not within the BIS specified limit.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 29.38±0.860 29.13±1.053 29.01±0.775
2 pH 7.56±0.412 7.47±0.102 7.42±0.219
3 Total Dissolved Solids 3492.5±1149.6 3791.62±1233.81 4938.87±1002.2
4 Electrical Conductivity 3492.5±1149.66 3791.62±1233.81 4938.87±1002.20
(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 1063.12±1264.79 1429.37±6921.89 1632.62±482.24
6 Calcium Hardness 144.87±103.36 51.375±14.47 63.875±2.638
7 Magnesium Hardness 1027.375±1266.79 1378±6924.76 1568.75±481.18
8 Total Alkalinity 354.87±168.61 395±84.60 493.62±105.58
9 Fluorides 0.84±0.440 0.447±0.476 1.275±0.627
10 Silicates 5.36±0.394 5.322±0.737 15.335±9.869
11 Sodium 730.61±276.339 903.48±181.907 965.5±47.226
12 Potassium 38.56±21.441 48.17±18.448 71.01±25.156
13 Chlorides 2276.295±1092.49 1075.88±207.64 1201.01±159.62
14 Nitrates 1.095±0.750 1.13±1.127 2.535±1.438
15 Phosphates 0.761±0.240 0.46±0.338 0.61±0.346
16 Dissolved Oxygen 2.235±1.082 1.835±1.578 0.735±1.849
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 0.725±0.419 0.835±0.754 0.312±0.801
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 7.915±3.105 7.545±2.896 6.655±2.084
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 0.002±0.0009 0.003±0.0004 0.002±0.0007
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 0.003±0.0008 0.002±0.0009 0.003±0.001
23 Lead 0.13±0.002 0.132±0.010 0.14±0.011
24 Nickel 0.116±0.0007 0.116±0.003 0.116±0.002
25 Zinc 1.638±0.093 1.758±0.081 41
1.64±0.256
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at S-V
Rainy Summer Winter

Temperature Magnesium Total Dissolved

hardness Solids
pH Total alkalinity Electrical
conductivity
Calcium hardness BOD Total hardness

Potassium Fluorides
Chlorides Silicates
Phosphates Sodium
DO Nitrates
COD lead
 Station-VI
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard WHO-Standard
1 Temperature ( C)
o
29.26±0.96 - -
2 pH 7.46±0.20 6.5-8.5 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 2505.88±1101.76 500 -

4 Electrical Conductivity(μmhos/cm) 3721.35±1620.63 - -

5 Total Hardness 1200.67±1007.82 300 -

6 Calcium Hardness 40.79±7.50 75 -
7 Magnesium Hardness 1168.83±998.38 50 -
8 Total Alkalinity 443.91±140.22 200 -
9 Fluorides 1.00±0.72 1 1.5
10 Silicates 9.49±6.12 - -
11 Sodium 705.25±145.82 200 -
12 Potassium 39.18±12.96 - -
13 Chlorides 401.90±57.06 250 -
14 Nitrates 1.74±0.93 45 50
15 Phosphates 0.18±0.17 - -
16 DO 3.12±1.38 6 >5
17 BOD 1.36±0.69 5 5
18 COD 8.07±4.76 10 10
19 Boron BDL 1 0.5
20 Cadmium 0.001±0.0006 0.01 0.003
21 Chromium ND 0.05 0.05
22 Copper ND 0.05 -
23 Lead 0.025±0.009 0.1 -
24 Nickel 0.049±0.009 - -
25 Zinc 0.273±0.108 5 - 43
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Total alkalinity, Sodium &
Chlorides were exceeding the limits
specified by BIS & WHO at the S-VI.
• DO was not within the BIS specified limit.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 29.57±1.487 29.26±0.708 28.95±0.600
2 pH 7.34±0.239 7.585±0.172 7.46±0.154
3 Total Dissolved Solids 1781.25±895.98 2637.5±1431.43 3098.87±481.92
4 Electrical 1781.25±895.98 2637.5±1431.43 3098.87±481.92
Conductivity(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 981.5±1127.78 1583.87±1295.35 1036.62±471.98
6 Calcium Hardness 38.875±11.96 41.375±6.007 40.625±3.691
7 969.5±1109.12 1541±1293.06 996±471.99
Magnesium Hardness
8 Total Alkalinity 403.37±145.60 429.5±185.72 498.87±53.25
9 Fluorides 0.97±0.5867 0.53±1.114 1.375±0.884
10 Silicates 5.985±0.235 10.005±6.373 12.495±8.073
11 Sodium 661.16±213.63 760.195±152.502 694.385±34.575
12 Potassium 35.645±18.826 42.585±7.997 39.32±10.427
13 Chlorides 381.175±76.369 413.21±25.730 411.315±64.316
14 Nitrates 2.165±0.910 1.625±0.992 1.415±0.865
15 Phosphates 0.235±0.200 0.075±0.098 0.22±0.150
16 Dissolved Oxygen 2.87±0.975 3.985±1.590 2.525±1.295
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 1.31±0.457 1.75±0.736 1.035±0.743
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 8.86±6.752 7.55±4.153 7.79±3.838
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 0.001±0.0008 0.001±0.0004 0.001±0.004
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper ND ND ND
23 Lead 0.022±0.0009 0.029±0.015 0.023±0.008
24 Nickel 0.0485±0.003 0.046±0.015 0.051±0.005
25 Zinc 0.251±0.0236 0.261±0.045 0.307±0.193
45
 Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at S-VI
Rainy Summer Winter

Temperature pH Total dissolved

solids
Nitrates Total hardness Electrical
conductivity
Phosphates Magnesium Total alkalinity
hardness
COD Sodium Fluorides
Potassium Silicates
Chlorides Nickel
DO zinc
BOD
 Leachate Station-I
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard FEPA-Standard
1 Temperature ( C)
o
28.72±2.14 - 35
2 pH 7.89±0.33 5.5-9.0 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 8589.46±1092.63 2100 2000
Electrical
4 12820.1±1630.79 2250 125
Conductivity(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 5525±877.86 - 200
6 Calcium Hardness 419±148.47 - -
7 Magnesium Hardness 5106±867.44 - -
8 Total Alkalinity 3393.13±3966.66 - 75
9 Fluorides 1.185±0.770 - -
10 Silicates 17.66±1.88 - -
11 Sodium 1048.93±230.14 - 0.5
12 Potassium 308.23±154.76 - 100
13 Chlorides 2486.71±2233.36 600 600
14 Nitrates 44.29±10.50 - 20
15 Phosphates 1.970±0.430 - 50
16 Dissolved Oxygen ND - -
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 643±98.02 100 30

18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 861±185.23 - 75

19 Boron BDL 2 -
20 Cadmium 0.143±0.053 - 0.01
21 Chromium ND - 0.20
22 Copper 1.030±0.554 - 5
23 Lead 0.137±0.049 - 0.05
24 Nickel 0.447±0.453 - 0.01
25 Zinc 0.921±0.777 - 6.00-9.00
47
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Total alkalinity,
Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Nitrates,
BOD, COD, Lead & Nickel were
exceeding the limits specified by BIS &
FEPA at the LS-I.
• DO was absent in the leachate samples
from LS-I.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 27.4±1.063 27.8±2.198 31.02±1.047
2 pH 7.96±0.233 7.795±0.336 7.92±0.426
3 Total Dissolved Solids 8589.37±792.755 7614.37±483.481 9564.62±1040.06
4
Electrical Conductivity
12820±1183.216 61714.75±51252.62 14275.55±1552.325
(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 4973.62±743.749 5070.37±363.67 6531±406.93
6 Calcium Hardness 337.37±104.003 425.87±128.299 493.75±164.276
7
Magnesium Hardness 4636.25±769.939 4644.5±378.609 6037.25±537.160
8 Total Alkalinity 4446.25±3877.45 4784.87±4393.57 1603.12±3066.57
9 Fluorides 1.04±0.623 1.11±1.024 1.39±0.761
10 Silicates 18.29±2.029 16.72±1.208 17.98±2.308
11 Sodium 890.95±130.215 952.97±125.651 1302.87±178.604
12 Potassium 171.76±23.104 336.43±128.416 416.5±171.39
13 Chlorides 1584.5±282.57 1965±118.83 245.62±663.806
14 Nitrates 37.87±9.520 53.62±3.906 41.37±10.050
15 Phosphates 1.55±0.275 2.094±0.040 2.256±0.253
16 Dissolved Oxygen ND ND ND
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 602.875±125.044 682±107.26 644.125±61.242
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 728.72±130.632 963.62±235.999 890.62±115.10
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 0.089±0.046 0.150±0.031 0.185±0.008
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 0.5615±0.292 0.969±0.379 1.556±0.486
23 Lead 0.102±0.031 0.153±0.298 0.153±0.053
24 Nickel 0.132±0.062 0.48±0.450 0.729±0.511
25 Zinc 0.606±0.287 0.948±0.715 49
1.208±1.044
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at LS-I
Rainy Summer Winter

pH Total Alkalinity Temperature

Silicates Chlorides Total dissolved solids

Nitrates Electrical conductivity

BOD Total hardness

COD Calcium hardness

Magnesium hardness

Fluorides
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphates
Cadmium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
 Leachate Station-II
S.No Parameters Mean±SD. BIS-Standard FEPA-Standard
1 Temperature (oC) 28.86±1.87 - 35
2 pH 7.97±0.38 5.5-9.0 -
3 Total Dissolved Solids 8292.46±807.19 2100 2000
Electrical Conductivity
4 12376.8±1204.77 2250 125
(μmhos/cm)
5 Total Hardness 5452.08±722.81 - 200
6 Calcium Hardness 690.04±105.66 - -
7 Magnesium Hardness 4762.04±672.88 - -
8 Total Alkalinity 568.04±182.75 - 75
9 Fluorides 1.419±0.744 - -
10 Silicates 16.96±1.94 - -
11 Sodium 950.62±170.52 - 0.5
12 Potassium 277.6±97.64 - 100
13 Chlorides 1696.46±468.27 600 600
14 Nitrates 54.08±14.52 - 20
15 Phosphates 1.927±0.424 - 50
16 Dissolved Oxygen ND - -
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 595.32±176.74 100 30
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 881.79±108.13 - 75
19 Boron BDL 2 -
20 Cadmium 0.113±0.050 - 0.01
21 Chromium ND - 0.20
22 Copper 1.048±0.788 - 5
23 Lead 0.174±0.063 - 0.05
24
25
Nickel
Zinc
0.765±0.624
1.794±0.770
-
-
0.01
51
6.00-9.00
• TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Total alkalinity,
Chlorides, Nitrates, BOD, COD, Lead &
Nickel were exceeding the limits specified
by BIS & FEPA at the LS-II.
• DO was absent in the leachate samples
from LS-II.
S.NO Parameters Rainy Summer Winter
1 Temperature (oC) 27.23±0.681 28.3±1.485 31.05±0.447
2 pH 7.61±0.218 7.91±0.226 8.39±0.146
3 Total Dissolved Solids 9043.62±599.073 77.65.62±4955.168 8068.12±786.41
4 Electrical Conductivity (μmhos/cm) 13497.9±894.148 11590.5±739.053 12042±1173.75
5 Total Hardness 4856.12±665.329 5408.75±575.043 6091.37±330.543
6 Calcium Hardness 638±96.559 696.12±100.86 736±103.786
7 Magnesium Hardness 4218.12±635.853 4712.62±515.080 5355.37±348.535
8 Total Alkalinity 624.5±200.170 552±140.59 634±423.88
9 Fluorides 1.05±0.411 1.06±0.677 2.12±0.615
10 Silicates 17.13±1.399 16.74±0.889 17.01±3.217
11 Sodium 823.97±60.195 912.86±111.715 1115.04±177.263
12 Potassium 196.55±59.417 273.5±57.841 362.75±100.95
13 Chlorides 1207.12±196.690 1653.62±256.88 2228.62±157.47
14 Nitrates 58.5±15.407 62.12±10.022 41.62±10.144
15 Phosphates 1.56±0.260 1.97±0.430 2.24±0.326
16 Dissolved Oxygen ND ND ND
17 Biological Oxygen Demand 633±159.572 609.37±1277.097 610.5±71.059
18 Chemical Oxygen Demand 958.25±116.976 878±61.793 809.12±94.681
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 0.065±0.011 0.099±0.024 0.175±0.020
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 0.498±0.231 0.857±0.115 1.787±1.010
23 Lead 0.137±0.026 0.213±0.091 0.170±0.040
24 Nickel 0.35±0.321 0.674±0.297 1.27±0.767
25 Zinc 0.984±0.502 2.1±0.523 532.294±0.564
Ground water parameters that were high in the
corresponding seasons at LS-II
Rainy Summer Winter

Total dissolved solids Nitrates Temperature

Electrical conductivity Copper pH

Silicates Lead Total hardness

BOD Calcium hardness

COD Magnesium hardness

Total alkalinity

Fluorides
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorides
Phosphates
Cadmium
Nickel
Zinc
 ANOVA TABLE FOR GROUND WATER STATIONS
ANOVA VALUES
Significant/Insignificant
CALCULATE TABLE with F(4,55) at 5%
S.NO PARAMETER D VALUE VALLUE (P<0.05)
1 Temperature 0.176213 0.044495 Significant
2 pH 1.510842 0.044495 Significant
3 TDS 6.13447 0.044495 Significant
4 EC 6.023466 0.044495 Significant
5 Total Hardness 0.448369 0.044495 Significant
6 Calcium Hardness 7.447054 0.044495 Significant
7 Magnesium Hardness 0.0406814 0.044495 Significant
8 Total Alkalinity 2.854055 0.044495 Significant
9 Fluorides -6.25665 0.044495 Insignificant
10 Silicates 2.047846 0.044495 Significant
11 Sodium 11.02385 0.044495 Significant
12 Potassium 12.36074 0.044495 Significant
13 Chlorides 0.927178 0.044495 Significant
14 Nitrates 9.203745 0.044495 Significant
15 Phosphates 6.91022 0.044495 Significant
16 DO 8.849457 0.044495 Significant
17 BOD 2.98725 0.044495 Significant
18 COD 0.145643 0.044495 Significant
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 19.71241 0.044495 Significant
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 182.5043 0.044495 Significant
23 Lead 73.97914 0.044495 Significant
24 Nickel 206.7923 0.044495 Significant
25 Zinc 515.8036 0.044495 Significant
55
A comparative account of ground water quality at the
six stations using analysis of variance among all the
stations revealed a significant difference at
(P<0.05) 5% probability level for all the six ground
water stations.

56
 ANOVA TABLE FOR LEACHATE
ANOVA VALUES
Significant/Insignificant
CALCULATED TABLE with F(4,55) at 5%
S.NO PARAMETER VALUE VALLUE (P<0.05)
1 Temperature 0.028465 4.3009 Insignificant
2 pH 0.279746 4.3009 Insignificant
3 TDS 0.548655 4.3009 Insignificant
4 EC 0.548655 4.3009 Insignificant
5 Total Hardness 0.047195 4.3009 Insignificant
6 Calcium Hardness 25.39107 4.3009 Significant
7 Magnesium Hardness 15.04243 4.3009 Significant
8 Total Alkalinity 6.47576 4.3009 Significant
9 Fluorides 0.544647 4.3009 Insignificant
10 Silicates 195.2033 4.3009 Significant
11 Sodium 1.352109 4.3009 Insignificant
12 Potassium 0.321668 4.3009 Insignificant
13 Chlorides 2.150599 4.3009 Insignificant
14 Nitrates 3.424729 4.3009 Insignificant
15 Phosphates 0.056864 4.3009 Insignificant
16 DO ND ND ND
17 BOD 15.1827 4.3009 Significant
18 COD 0.107862 4.3009 Insignificant
19 Boron BDL BDL BDL
20 Cadmium 1.911794 4.3009 Insignificant
21 Chromium ND ND ND
22 Copper 0.004095 4.3009 Insignificant
23 Lead 2.379898 4.3009 Insignificant
24
25
Nickel
Zinc
1.93878
7.301685
4.3009
4.3009
57
Insignificant
Significant
 The Analysis of Variance for Leachate revealed a significant
differences among the two stations of leachate at 5 %
probability level (P< 0.05) for Calcium Hardness,
Magnesium Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Silicates, Phosphates,
Biological Oxygen Demand and Zinc.
 While no significant differences were observed for the
Temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical
Conductivity, Total Hardness, Fluorides, Sodium, Potassium,
Chlorides, Nitrates, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Cadmium,
Copper, Lead and Nickel (P < 0.05) at the two stations of
leachate.

58
COMPARISION OF RESULTS OF
GROUND WATER WITH
LEACHATE

59
 Temperature
30
29.78
29.8 29.65
29.6 29.4
29.4 29.26
29.17
29.2
29 28.86

oC
28.79
28.8 28.72
28.6
28.4
28.2
28
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

TEMPERATURE
• Range: 25.8oC to 33oC for ground water
23.8oC to 32.1oC for leachate

• Highest Temperature: Station-II during rainy season.

• Temperature of ground water: High during rainy season than summer

and winter seasons

• Temperature of leachate: High in summer season than rainy and

winter seasons

60
 pH
8.2
7.97
8 7.89

7.8

7.6 7.49 7.5 7.48

7.46 7.46
7.4 7.31

7.2

6.8
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

pH

• Range in ground water: 7 (at Station-III) to 8.3 (at Station-V)

• Indicating the ground water was alkaline.

• Range in leachate: 7.2 at LS-I and 8.6 at LS-II.

• Indicating that the leachate is in methanogenic phase.

61
 Total Dissolved Solids
100008589.45999999968292.4599999996
9 9
8000

6000

mg/L
4155.42 4074.33
4000 3609.42
2505.88
2000
520.41 273.38
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Total Dissolved Solids

• Water with a Total Dissolved Solids above 500 mg/l is not recommended for use
as drinking water (EPA secondary drinking water guidelines).

• Water with a Total Dissolved Solids above 1,500 to 2,600 mg/l (EC greater than
2.25 to 4 mmho/cm) is generally considered problematic for irrigation use on
crops with low or medium salt tolerance (University of California 2003).

• Range in ground water: 520.41 mg/L at Station-I (Control Area) to 4155.42

mg/L at Station-III.
• High in summer seasons at all the stations than rainy and winter seasons.
• Range in leachate: 8589.46 mg/L at Pathapadu dumpsite and 8292.46 mg/L at
Ajith Singh Nagar dumpsite.
• No seasonal trend in leachate.
62
 Electrical Conductivity
14000 12820.1 12376.8
12000
10000

μmhos/cm
8000
6195.89 6080.87
6000 5412.18
4149.43 3721.35
4000
2000 776.74
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Electrical Conductivity
• High values at Station-III (near Pathapadu dumpsite) and Station-V (near Ajith
Singh Nagar Dumpsite).
• The EC values decreased with the distance of the stations from the dumpsite.
• The EC values were observed to be high during summer season than rainy and
winter seasons in ground water.
• The EC value of leachate was high at LS-I (Pathapadu dumpsite) than the LS-II
(Ajith Singh Nagar dumpsite).
• The EC of leachate was high during summer season followed by rainy and
winter seasons at Pathapadu dumpsite.

63
 Total Hardness
Calcium Hardness
14000 12820.1 800
12376.8 690.04
12000 700
600
10000
500
8000 419
mg/L

mg/L
400
6000
300
4000
200
2000 1433.54 1796.54 1419.04 1375.64 1200.67
100 30.62
59.08 56.91 35.7 50.04 40.79
235.16
0 0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations Stations

Total Hardness & Magnesium Hardness

• Total Hardness was high in ground water samples collected from
the Pathapadu dumpsite and was less at the Ajith Singh Nagar
dumpsite.

• Calcium Hardness in ground water was much below the standard of

75 mg/L during the study period.
• In leachate the Total Hardness was high during summer season
followed by winter and rainy seasons.

• On comparing the Control Station with the other stations it was

64
 Magnesium Hardness
6000
5106
5000 4762

4000

mg/L
3000

2000 1739.63
1386.96 1383.33 1324.71 1168.83
1000
204.52
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Magnesium Hardness
• Except the Station-I (Control area) rest of the stations were
having high mean concentration of Magnesium Hardness which
was much higher than the BIS specified limit of 50 mg/L
indicating that Magnesium ions are contributing much for the
hardness.

• The leachate of Pathapadu dumpsite i.e. LS-I had contributed to

high concentrations of Magnesium Hardness in the Stations II, III
and IV than Ajith Singh Nagar dumpsite i.e., LS-II.
65
 Total Alkalinity
4000
3500 3393.13

3000
2500

mg/L
2000
1500
1000
568.04 586.83 568.04 567.75
414.5 443.91
500 151.16
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Total Alkalinity:
• Range in ground water: Station-I (151.16mg/L) to Station-II
(586.83 mg/L)

• High values of Alkalinity in the water samples indicate pollution of

organic nature and give an unpleasant taste.

• In leachate samples collected from Pathapadu dumpsite i.e., LS-I

the Alkalinity was very high than the samples collected from the
Ajith Sigh Nagar dumpsite i.e., LS-II, indicating that the leachate
is undergoing methanogenic phase in which the leachate becomes
almost stabilized. 66
 Fluorides
2 1.82
1.8
1.6 1.41
1.4 1.33
1.18000000000001
1.2 0.96000000000000
1 1

mg/L
1 0.89
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 0.12
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Fluorides:
• At two stations i.e., Stations III and IV the Fluoride concentration
exceeded the BIS desirable limit of 1 mg/L and only at one station
i.e., Station-IV the Fluoride concentration exceeded the WHO
permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L.

• It is also significant to mention that the ground water collected from

Station-IV was having Fluoride concentrations higher than the
concentrations found in the leachate collected from both the
dumpsites. This might be due to the geological conditions at Station-
IV that might have contributed to high Fluorides in ground water.
67
 Silicates
20
17.66
18 16.96
16.21
16 14.89
14
12 10.59

mg/L
10 9.49
8.67
8
6
4.28
4
2
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Silicates:
• The mean Silicate concentration in ground water ranged between
4.28 and 16.21 mg/L, with maximum concentration detected at
Station-II and minimum concentration at Station-I

• In leachate the Silicate concentration was to slightly higher than

the ground water

68
 Sodium Potassium
1200 308.22999999999
350
1048.93 9
1000 950.62
898.42
300 277.6
866.53
250
800 672.43 705.25
566.19 200
mg/L

mg/L
600
150
400 85.3 84.48
100
173.62 44.4 52.58
200 50 39.18
18.03
0 0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations Stations

Sodium:
• All the ground water samples exceeded the BIS desirable limit of 200
mg/L indicating that the water is unfit for the purpose of drinking and
irrigation.
• Elevated concentrations of Sodium were detected in leachate samples
at both the dumpsites which were higher than the concentrations
Potassium:
• found
The meanin ground water.
concentrations of Potassium in ground water ranged
between 18.03 and 85.3 mg/L with maximum concentration detected
at Station-II which was near to Pathapadu dumpsite having high
Potassium concentration in leachate
• The fall in the Potassium concentration in ground water with
increasing distance from dumpsite indicated the effect of leachate
infiltration. 69
 Chlorides
3000
2486.71
2500

2000
1696.46

mg/L
1500
947.23 1017.73
1000
583.780000000001 509.74
500 401.9
173.62
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Chlorides:
• The concentrations of Chloride in ground water exceeded the BIS
desirable limit of 250mg/L at all the stations indicating leachate
percolation from the dumpsites, except at Station-I which was a
control station.

• The concentration of Chloride in leachate also exceeded the BIS

desirable limit of irrigational discharge i.e. 600 mg/L at both the
dumpsites.

• The study of ground water on a seasonal basis also revealed that

the concentration of Chlorides was high at Station-V in70rainy
 Nitrates Phosphates
60 2.5
54.08

50 1.97000000000002
1.92
44.29 2

40
1.5

mg/L
mg/L

30
1
19.4
20 0.600000000000001
0.5
10 0.22 0.15
0.25 0.18
1.930000000000010.81.19000000000002 1.74 0.07
1.59
0 0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI

Stations Stations

Nitrates:
• At all the stations the mean concentrations of Nitrates in ground
water were within the BIS desirable limit of 45 mg/L for drinking
water.

• The mean concentrations of Nitrates in leachate have exceeded

the FEPA standard of 20 mg/L
Phosphates:
• The mean concentrations of Phosphates were high in leachate
samples than the ground water but within the FEPA desirable
limit of 50 mg/L 71
 Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand
7 700 643
6.02 595.32
6 600

5 4.57 500

4 400
mg/L

mg/L
3.12
3 300

2 1.69000000000002
1.43 1.6 200

1 100
0 0 0.13 1.01
0.740000000000004 1.6 1.36
0.620000000000009
0 0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations Stations

DO:
• The Dissolved Oxygen concentrations increased from Station-II and Station-VI
indicating that the concentration increased with increasing distance from the
dumpsite.

• The Dissolved Oxygen was absent in leachate samples collected at both the
dumpsites indicating the heavy organic load in the leachate
BOD:
• The concentration of Biological Oxygen Demand in ground water was in range of
0.13 to 1.36 mg/L at all the stations, indicating that all the stations were within the
BIS desirable limit of 2 mg/L for drinking water.

• The mean concentrations of BOD in leachate was higher than the BIS desirable limit
for irrigational discharge i.e., 100 mg/L, indicating much higher organic load in the
leachate at both the dumpsites, that might have reduced due to dispersion72in ground
 Chemical Oxygen Demand
1000 881.79000000000
861 1

800

600

mg/L 400

200
1.86 8.75 7.22 7.93 7.37 8.07
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
stations

COD:
• A trend of low Chemical Oxygen Demand levels were observed
in ground water samples, although high concentrations of COD
were observed in leachate samples indicating the dispersion of
organic load in the ground water.

• The mean concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand were

higher than the FEPA allowable limit of 75 mg/L in the leachate
at both the dumpsites.

73
 Cadmium

0.16 0.143
0.14
0.12 0.113
0.1

mg/L
0.08
0.06
0.04 0.0030000000000
0.0020000000000 0.0020000000000
0.02 0 0001 0001 0 0001 0.001
0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations

Cadmium:
• The Cadmium concentrations decreased with increasing
distance in the ground water and was nil at Stations I and IV as
they were very far from the dumpsites.

• At all the stations the Cadmium concentrations were below the

BIS desirable limit of 0.01 mg/L in ground water.

• The concentrations of Cadmium in leachate were 0.143 mg/L at

LS-I i.e., Pathapadu dumpsite and 0.113 mg/L at LS-II i.e., Ajith
Sigh Nagar dumpsite.
74
 Copper Lead
1.2 1.048
0.2
1.03 0.174
1
0.15 0.137
0.128 0.135
0.8
mg/L

mg/L
0.6 0.1
0.4 0.052
0.05 0.025
0.2 0.003000000000
0 0.024 0.036 0 00001 0 0 0
0 0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI
Stations Stations

Copper:
• The mean concentrations of Copper in ground water ranged between 0 and 0.036
mg/L which were within the BIS desirable limit of 0.05 mg/L at all stations.

• The mean concentrations of Copper in leachate were greater than the

concentrations found in ground water, but were also found within the FEPA
desirable limit of 5 mg/L.

Lead:
• At two stations of ground water i.e., Stations III and V the concentrations of lead
were higher than the BIS desirable limit of 0.05 mg/L.

• The mean Lead concentrations in leachate derived from both the dumpsites were
higher than the FEPA allowable limit of 0.05 mg/L.

• Lead was absent in ground water samples collected from Stations I and IV
indicating the minor effect of dumpsite on ground water at these stations.
75
 Nickel Zinc
0.9
2.5
0.8 0.76500000000001
2.169
0.7 2 1.794
0.6 1.68000000000001

0.5 0.447 1.5

mg/L

mg/L
0.4
1 0.921
0.3
0.2 0.5
0.116 0.317000000000005 0.273
0.243
0.1 0.0020000000000000
0.042 0.035 0.029 0.0490000000000001 0.11
1
0 0
LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI LS-I LS-II S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V S-VI

Stations Stations

Nickel:
• The Nickel concentrations in leachate were found to be higher than the
FEPA limit of 0.01 mg/L.

• The Nickel concentrations were high in leachate of LS-II i.e., Ajith Singh
Nagar dumpsite, this might have contributed to high concentrations of
Zinc:
Nickel in ground water at Station V.
• The mean concentrations of Zinc in all the ground water samples were
found to be within the BIS desirable limit of 5 mg/L for drinking water.

• The Zinc concentrations in leachate were also found to be within the FEPA
limit of 6 to 9 mg/L.
76
 Some of the parameters (Calcium
Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Potassium,
Chlorides and Lead) have shown an
inverse relationship of concentration vs.
distance.
Whereas the Dissolved Oxygen in
ground water samples increased with
the increase in distance from the
dumpsite, indicating the effect of
leachate infiltration into the ground
water.

77
 NEW OBSERVATIONS/FINDINGS
ON GROUND WATER

 On comparing the ground water quality at all the stations, the most polluted stations were Station-
III and Station-V located near to the dumpsites, in the downstream along the ground water flow
direction.
 These two stations were more contaminated with high concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids,
Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chlorides and
Lead.
 This indicated that there is more impact of the Municipal Solid Waste dumpsites on the ground
water quality, which is a threat to the adjacent human habitats.
 As the Station-V is located in the Ajith Singh Nagar, that is thickly populated area, there is an
emergency need to attend the local pollution due to the Municipal Solid Waste dumpsites.
 Sign of increasing hardness, TDS, Total Alkalinity & Chlorides renders that the ground water is
unfit for drinking.
 Impact of dumpsite on ground water shortly is going to affect the public health.
 Even though Krishna River is the main source of potable water for Vijayawada city, the aquifers
originating radiate throughout the city are in a major threat of contamination from the unlined
dump sites.
 Ground water, an important natural resource is being contaminated by this local pollution.
 Hence there is an emergency need to improve our waste management practices
properly engineered sanitary landfills to curb the ground water pollution.
78by constructing
 FINDINGS ON LEACHATE

• Parameters high at LS-I: Temperature, pH, Total Dissolved

Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Calcium Hardness, Total
Alkalinity, Silicates, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides and Biological
Oxygen Demand
• Parameters high at LS-II: Total hardness, Fluorides, Nitrates,
Chemical oxygen demand and metals like Lead, Nickel & Zinc.
• Parameters exceeding the FEPA standards: Total Dissolved
Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity,
Potassium, Chlorides, Nitrates, Chemical Oxygen Demand,
Biological Oxygen Demand and metals like Cadmium, Lead and
Nickel.
• Parameters not detected in leachate: Dissolved oxygen
• Parameters that were Below detection levels in leachate: Boron
& Chromium
 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Open dumping is still in practice at Vijayawada. This is unscientific.
Within a very short time the adverse impacts of the dump on the
ground water quality will be vogue.
 Proper lining for the dumpsites

 Effective fence
 Organic matter is least recycled or utilized

 An effective integrated management plan must be

developed by incorporating subsistence component
Involving local poor people
 The leachate collection system not effective and
scientific.

Pathapadu dump site

 It should be replaced with “state of art technologies”
 Sufficient gas analysers must be
established at dump sites as the public
compliants over obnoxious gasses are
frequent.
 The public have realized the threat of
contamination of ground water.
 A continuous monitoring station for ground water
and leachate quality must be established on
permanent basis on the lines suggested in
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000.
 PUBLILCATIONS
1. Niloufer, S. and Dr. Swamy, A.V.V.S., 2011. Survey report on awareness
among the people about segregation of MSW in Vijayawada and Eluru. Global
Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences (GJAES). 1(2): 133-152.
2. Niloufer, S., Dr. Swamy, A.V.V.S., and Devi, K.S., 2013. Impact of
Municipal Solid Waste on the Ground Water Quality in Vijayawada City,
Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 3(4): 62-64.
3. Niloufer, S., Dr. Swamy, A.V.V.S., and Devi, K.S., 2013. Ground Water
Quality in the Vicinity of Municipal Solid Waste dumpsites in Vijayawada,
A.P. International Journal of Engineering and Science Research. 3(8): 419-
425
4. Niloufer, S., Dr. Swamy, A.V.V.S., and Devi, K.S., 2013. Waste collection by
Rag Pickers in the cities - A brief report. Paripex: Indian Journal of Research.
2(4): 211-214.
5. Niloufer, S., Dr. Swamy, A.V.V.S., and Devi, K.S., 2014. Gaseous emissions
from MSW dumpsites in Vijayawada. American International Journal of
Research in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. ISSN- 2328-
3491; 6(1): 67-73.
6. Niloufer, S., Dr. Swamy, A.V.V.S., and Devi, K.S., 2014. Seasonal Variations
in the Leachate Characteristics in MSW sites. Journal of International
Academic Research for Multidisciplinary; 2(8): 479-487.
7. Shaheda Niloufer & Dr.A.V.V.S. Swamy, A Brief Assessment of Municipal
Solid Waste and its impact on leachate quality at MSW sites in Vijayawada
85
city, India. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering 85 &
Questions
8787