Advanced Computer Networks

1
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Course Objective
 Introducing high speed networks including
gigabit networks.
 Design issues related to IP and TCP/IP and ATM
networks
 Provide up-to-date survey of developments in the
area.
 Performance analysis, congestion control and
provision of QoS to different applications are
also discussed.

2
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Course Outline
 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 TCP and IP
 Frame Relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 High-Speed LANs
 Queuing Analysis
 Congestion and Traffic Management
 Internet Routing
 Assignment on Different Protocols in Networking
3
Chapter 1 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Chapter 1

Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite

4
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Introduction
 Layered protocol architecture
 TCP/IP protocol suite
 OSI reference model
 Internetworking

5
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
The Need for a Protocol
Architecture
 When computers, terminals and/or other data
processing devices exchange data:
– The Procedures involved to exchange data
between devices can be complex
– High degree of cooperation required between
communicating systems
 See the example in the next slide.

6
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Example: File transfer
 Requires a data path to exist (either a direct link
or via a comm. network)
 Tasks:
– Activate data communication path
– Source determines that destination is ready
– File transfer app at source must ascertain that destination file
management app is ready to store file for user
– File format conversion
 Instead of implementing the logic as a single module, the
task is broken up into subtasks, each of which is
implemented separately.
7
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Layered Protocol Architecture
 Modules arranged in a vertical stack
 Each layer in stack:
– Performs related functions
– Relies on lower layer for more primitive functions
– Provides services to next higher layer
– Communicates with corresponding peer layer of
neighboring system using a protocol
 Ideally, layers should be defined, so that changes in
one layer do not require changes in other layers.

8
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Key Features of a Protocol
 It takes two to communicate – the same set of layered
functions must exist in two systems – peer layers.
 The peer layers communicate by means of formatted blocks
of data that obey a set of rules or conventions known as a
protocol.
 The key features of a protocol are as follows:
– Set of rules or conventions to exchange blocks of formatted
data
– Syntax: concerns the format of the data blocks
– Semantics: Includes control information (coordination, error
handling)
– Timing: speed matching, sequencing
9
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
TCP/IP Layers
 Physical – concerned with specifying the
characteristics of the transmission medium, the
nature of the signals, the data rate and related
matters.
 Network access – concerned with the exchange of
data b/n an end system and the network to which it is
attached.
 Internet
 Transport
 Application
10
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
TCP and UDP
 TCP:
– connection-oriented
– Reliable packet delivery in sequence
 UDP:
– connectionless (datagram)
– Unreliable packet delivery
– Packets may arrive out of sequence or
duplicated
11
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 Figure 2.1

12
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 Figure 2.2

13
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Operation of TCP and IP
 IP implemented in end systems and
routers, relaying data between hosts
 TCP implemented only in end systems,
assuring reliable delivery of blocks of data
 Each host on subnetwork has unique IP
address
 Each process on each process has unique
IP port number
14
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Figure 2-3

15
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Figure 2-4

16
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
TCP Applications
 SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 FTP: File Transfer Protocol
 telnet: remote login
 HTTP(s)

17
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
OSI Reference Model
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data link
 physical

18
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 Figure 2.5

19
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Internetworking Terms
 Communication network
 Internet
 Intranet
 Subnetwork
 End system
 Intermediate system (IS)
 Bridge – an IS used to connect two LANs that use
similar LAN protocols. (an Address Filter)
 Router – an IS used to connect two networks that
may or may not be similar.
20
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Routers
 Internetworking among dissimilar subnetworks is
achieved by using routers to interconnect the
subnetworks.
 Provide link between networks
 Provide for the routing and delivery of data
 Accommodate network differences:
– Addressing schemes
– Maximum packet sizes
– Hardware and software interfaces
– Network reliability
21
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Figure 2-7

22
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 Figure 2-8

23
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 Figure 2-9

24
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
 Figure 2-10

25
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite