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noshbamunawar-200701132237
noshbamunawar-200701132237
noshbamunawar-200701132237
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Muhammad Tayyab
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661-Bio-20
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Mr. Zia-Ur-Rehman
Birds migration
Bird’s migration
Birds migration routes in world
Why Birds Migrate Differently
In Pakistan through Indus flyway
Frequency of Birds Migration
Top Ten Migratory Birds In The Studying Migration.
World
Threats to migratory birds
Cause for migration
Disadvantages of Bird Migration
Types of Bird Migration:
Examples
Survival Food
Breading Shelter
Frequency of Birds Migration
9,000 and 10,000 species of birds
Two thousand species of birds, make
regular seasonal movements.
40% of these migratory species are
declining
200 are now classified as globally
threatened (BirdLife, 2018).
enter into Pakistan from September-
November via Indus flyway
Top Ten Migratory Birds In The World (Dutta,
2017) Alaska to Central Europe and Asia
Bluethroat
. Insects, caterpillars and berries.
The Red Knot from far north in the Arctic to the southern tip of
South America.
travelling up to 16,000 kilometres twice a year
eat spiders and arthropods
• Gannets and seabirds are streamlined to dive at high speeds into the
ocean for fish
•.
• Some birds eat along the route, but some birds eat more just before
migration and store a special,
• Most birds that require food during the trip fly by night in small flocks.
This allows them to eat during the day, and avoid some predators.
Morphology
• increase the efficiency of long distance flight
• Wing pointedness is frequently
• migrants have smaller and flatter skulls than residents
Behavioural modification
• Behavioral traits of migratory birds, such as flock formation
• There is a 70% increase in efficiency when flying in V formation.
• benefits the communication among the birds.
Moult
• Feathers get worn by use and exposure to light
• insulatory function damaged
• plumage is replaced periodically
• redstarts
stop for moult during migration
Navigation in birds:
Landmarks.
Stellar Cues.
• Some Warblers (day
time)
• Some warblers (night Solar Cues
time) • need to see the sun to navigate
• Sauer performed • Even nocturnal birds seem to take their
experiments cue from the sun
• Kramer performed experiments
• Starlings (diurnal migrants)
• navigation and orientation of night
migrants is unknown.
Geomagnetic Cues.
• sea and desert often interrupt the migration routes
• songbirds, whose fat reserves
• magnetic cues might enable inexperienced migratory birds to
recognize
Africa-Eurasia
Flyway
East Asia-Australasia Americas Flyway
Europe and
Flywa North American
northern Asia
north-east Asian with with the
with the Africa
the south-east Asia Caribbean and
stop-over sites
and Australia, Central and South
in the Middle
stop-over sites in America.
East and
Mediterranean China
In Pakistan through Indus flyway
• There is a group of hunters that believe that the Quails migrate from
North to South reaching Sindh around mid-August
Migration of Houbara buster
• Migration patterns of Asian Houbara Chlamydotis
macqueenii wintering in the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan in 1998 were
monitored using satellite transmitters.
• very quickly taking only five to seven days over a height of 4,730 meters to
Pakistan
• passing Chitral, Nowshera, Kohat, Lakki Marwat and stays in Dera Ismail Khan,
• districts of D.I. Khan, Tank, Rahim Yar Khan, DG Khan and arid areas of
southern Punjab provide rich diversity of flora, fauna, insects and
weeds to the endangered species,
geolocators.
Banding
satellite
tracking,
Threats to migratory birds
Threats Intensity Medium Low
High
Habitat destruction √
Hunting and fishing √
Poverty √
Habitat destruction