Design of a Directly-Fed Pattern Reconfigurable Patch

Antenna and Its Array Performance

Shi-Tong Wang, Lei Zhu

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Macau, Macau SAR, China

ORAL Session: MP1K Antennas I

Monday, 15th May, 2023, 14:30 - 14:45
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 Outline

Background & Scientific Problems

01 • Applications, classification, and motivation

Working principle
02 • Operating frequency & Impedance matching

Results
03
• Element & Array

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 Background & Scientific Problems

 Applications of PRA

Mobile Communication, IoT Satellite Communication Direction of Arrival Estimation

 Classification of PRA

Beam Beamwidth Beam Number Pattern Null

Scanning Reconfigurable Reconfigurable Reconfigurable
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 Background & Scientific Problems

 Method 1: Monopulse antenna with SUM pattern and DIFFERENCE

pattern

1 2
1 2

3 4 3 4

Top Top

2 3
1

Bottom Bottom
[1] [2] [3]

Drawbacks: Large size; Multiple radiators; Complex feeding networks (for pattern switching)
[1] Z. Hao, H. Wang, and W. Hong, “A novel planar reconfigurable monopulse antenna for indoor smart wireless access points’ application,” IEEE TAP, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1250–1261, Apr. 2016.
[2] H. C. Sun, X. Ge, W. He, and L. Y. Zhao, “A reconfigurable antenna with sum and difference patterns for WLAN access points,” IEEE AWPL, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1073–1077, Jul. 2020.
[3] S.-A. Malakooti and C. Fumeaux, “Pattern-reconfigurable antenna with switchable wideband to frequency-agile bandpass/bandstop filtering operation,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, 2019. 4/14
 Background & Scientific Problems

 Method 2: Single radiator with multiple resonant modes

TM30
TM20
TM20 TM40
TM01 TM21

[4] [5] [6]

Drawbacks: Feeding network; Multilayer; Complex feeding structure (for impedance matching)
[4] X. Ding, Y.-F. Cheng, W. Shao, and B.-Z. Wang, “A wide-angle scanning phased array with microstrip patch mode reconfiguration technique,” IEEE TAP, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 4548–4555, Sep. 201
[5] K.-D. Hong, X. Zhang, L. Zhu, and T. Yuan, “A high-gain and pattern reconfigurable patch antenna under operation of TM20 and TM21 modes,” IEEE OJAP, vol. 2, pp. 646–653, 2021.
[6] H.Yu, Y. Jiao,D.Li, and Z.Weng, “A TM30-/TM40-mode pattern- reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for wide beam coverage,” IEEE TAP, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 7121–7126, Nov. 2019. 5/15
 Motivation

Problems Our Works

 Multiple radiators  A single-layer PRA

 Multiple layers  No extra feeding network
 Reconfigurable feeding network  Simple feeding structure
 Complex feeding structure

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 Outline

01 Background & Scientific Problems

Working principle
02 • Operating frequency & Impedance matching

03 Results

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 Working principle

 Overview

Original Structure Solution Goal

fTM01 z Why?
y Shorting pin
|S11| Stub
x
Frequency Co-Frequency
z
y
Feed h Operation
x
lp
h
TM01 z
y
Slot
x
fTM02
|S11|

Feed
h
z
Frequency
or When? Impedance
Feed z
y Stub
x
x
y Matching at the
lp
Feed
Same Position
h
h
TM02

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 Working principle

 Theoretical analysis: Operating Frequency

2.8
fON , Lpin = 2.5 nH fON , Lpin = 0.5 nH
Why? fOFF , Lpin = 2.5 nH fOFF , Lpin = 0.5 nH
z
y Shorting pin
Stub 2.4

Frequency (GHz)
x
Co-Frequency
h 2.0

Y2, ls, β2 Y1, lp, β1 Y2, ls, β2

1.6 Co-Frequency

Ys+Ym Lpin Lpin Ys+Ym Lpin = 2.5

0.5 nH
1.0
Lpin = 2.5 nH

YL YR 0.8
í lp / 2 í dy 0 dy lp / 2 y 0.7
0.6

hr
0.4
Yin ( f )  YL  YR Pr
r  0.2
Pr  Pc  Pd  Pdiode
Im(Yin )  0 0.0

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Resonant frequency Radiation efficiency ls / lp
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 Working principle

 Theoretical analysis: Impedance Matching

0.5 nH 1 nH 1.5 nH
When? 1.0j
0.5j 2.0j
z OFF
y Stub Slot
x 0.2j 5.0j
Feed Feed
h h 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0
-0.2j -5.0j
ON
-0.5j -2.0j
Y2, ls, β2 Y1, lp / 2, β1 L0 Y1, lp / 2, β1 Y2, ls, β2 -1.0j
Y1, lp / 2, β1 Y2, ls, β2 TM01 L0 Y1, lp / 2, β1 Y2, ls, β2
0.5 pF 0.7 pF 0.9 pF
Ys+Ym Lpin or Ys+Ym
E.W. C0 Lpin Ys+Ym C0 E.W. Lpin Ys+Ym 1.0j OFF
ON 0.5j 2.0j
YL YR
0.2j 5.0j
í lp / 2 í dy 0 dy lp / 2 y
Y1, lp / 2, β1 Y2, ls, β2 TM02 L0 Y1, lp / 2, β1 Y2, ls, β2
0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0
-0.2j -5.0j
M.W. Y Y
C0 Yin LpinY Ys+Y
L YmR
M.W.
S11  0 Lpinin Ys+Ym
Y0  Yin -0.5j -2.0j
-1.0j

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 Working principle

 Proposed impedance matching scheme

Shunt
capacitor
Case A
Matching point for OFF state

Matching point for ON

Series
state
inductor
Case B Matching point for both state

 Design guideline
Goad 1: Co-Frequency Operation Goal 2: No Feeding Network
1 2 3 4
Determine Determine Determine Impedance
Wp and Lp Ws and Ls D, dx, and dy matching
D
Wp Ws dy
Ls
Lp dx
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 Outline

01 Background & Scientific Problems

02 Working principle

Results
03
• Element & Array

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 Results

 Antenna element simulated X-pol

simulated Co-pol
measured X-pol
measured Co-pol
dBi 0 0
0 0 330 30 330 30
-10 300 60 300 60
-10 -20
Example A -30
-40 270 90 270 90
-20
|S11| (dB)

-30
Offset<1% -20
-10 240 120 240 120
-30
0 210 150 210 150
OFF-state (Sim.) 180 180
-40 ON-state (Sim.) Vdc OFF-state ON-state
Vdc
OFF-state (Mea.)
ON-state (Mea.) Vgnd
dBi 0 0
-50 330 30 330 30
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 0
Frequency (GHz) -10 300 60 300 60
-20
-30
Co-frequency Impedance matching -40 270 90 270 90
-30
0
-20
-10 240 120 240 120
-10 Example B 0 210 150 210 150
180 180
OFF-state ON-state
-20 Vdc V
|S11| (dB)

Vgnddc
Maximum Realized Gain
-30
OFF-state (Sim.)
Antenna Example A Example B
-40 ON-state (Sim.) Offset<1% State OFF ON OFF ON
Vdc Vdc
OFF-state (Mea.)
ON-state (Mea.) Vgnd Simulated (dBi) 10.6 6.5 10.1 6.7
-50
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Frequency (GHz)
Measured (dBi) 9.6 5.6 8.7 5.3

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 Results

 Array performance

15
OFF state
y 10
x
z

Gain (dBi)
5
Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 180 mm
1.47 λ0) 0

61 mm -5
(0.50 λ0)
335 mm (2.74 λ0) -10
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Theta (°)

S11 S21 S31 S41 S22 S32 S42 S33 S43 S44 12 20
10 16 10 12 ON state
10 15
0 0

Null Depth (dB)

Peak Gain (dBi)
10
S parameters (dB)

S parameters (dB)

OFF state 12 ON state

Peak Gain (dBi)

Peak Gain (dBi)

-10 -10 8
8
5
-20 8 -20 6
0
-30 -30 4 4
4 -5
-40 -40 2 -10
-50 0 -50 0
2.40 2.45 2.50 2.40 2.45 2.50 0 -15
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) -40 -20 0 20 40
Theta (°)

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Design of a Directly-Fed Pattern Reconfigurable Patch
Antenna and Its Array Performance

Shi-Tong Wang, Lei Zhu

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Macau, Macau SAR, China

Thanks!
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