Digestive System

FLSP
 Digestion
• Is a process to break down and absorb nutrients that an organism needed for daily
activities
• Phases Include
1. Ingestion
2. Movement
3. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Elimination

• Can be divided into two :

• Physical Digestion
• Chemical Digestion
 Physical digestion
• Digestion process that isn’t involving any chemical reaction
• Also known as mechanical digestion
• Involving physical process such as crushing, cutting, grinding, pushing,
etc.
• it starts inside the mouth ( when we are chewing, and moving our tongue)
 Chemical Digestion
• Digestion process that is breaking down nutrients into simpler compounds
by involving chemical reaction
• Example :
• Amilum is broken down by Amilase enzyme
• Fat is broken down by lipase
• Protein is broken down by protease
 Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large Intestine
• Rectum
5
 Mouth
• Mouth is organ where our digestion process starts.
• Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes
food with saliva (contains amylase, which helps break down starch).
Where does saliva come from?
 Teeth
• Teeth are parts of mouth that has function to cut and grind food into
smaller pieces
• From its functions and shapes, human teeth can be divided into 4:
• Incisors
• Canines
• Molar
• Premolar
Teeth
Teeth Struture
How is food prevented to go into
Trachea?
 Esophagus
• Secrete mucus
• Moves food from the throat to the stomach
using muscle movement called peristalsis
• If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s
heartburn.
 Stomach
• J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food
you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
• Mixes food with Digestive Juices that
contain enzymes to break down Proteins
and Lipids (mainly proteins).
• Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
• Food found in the stomach is called
Chyme.
 Small Intestine
• Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small intestine walls.
• Absorbs:
• 80% ingested water
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids

• Secretes digestive enzymes

 Small Intestine
• Consisted by three parts : Duodenum,
Jejunum, Ileum
• Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, to increase
surface area.
• The villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for
absorption.
Inside small intestine
Large Intestine
 Large Intestine
• Absorbing water and other nutrients
• Hosting over 700 species of bacteria
• These bacteria helps to fermented certain nutrients
• Concentrating and sending indigestible matter or substance to rectum
Accessory Organs
 Accessory Organs
• Not part of the pathways of food but holding vital part for our digestive
system
• Including : liver, gall bladder, and Pancreas
 Liver
• Filter dangerous substances and wastes. Example : excess of drugs,
alcohol, toxins, etc
• Produce bile (that would be stored in gall bladder)
• Function of bile is emulsifying fats, so fats can be mixed with water and easier to
break
 Gall Bladder
• Stores Bile and releases it to small intestine
 Pancreas
• Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins
• Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin