Analog to Digital

Converter
Ramp Type Analog to Digital
Converter
 Ramp Type Analog to Digital
Converter
• It uses a ramp generator to produce a time
period that is proportional to the analog to
the analog input voltage.
• The ramp voltage
starts from ground level
and increases at
constant rate.
 Ramp Type Analog to Digital
Converter
• The ramp is feed to one input of a voltage
comparator, and the input analog
voltage(Vi) is applied to the other
comparator input terminal.
• During the time that the ramp voltage(Vr)
is below the level of Vi, the comparator
output is high.
• This allows to pass the clock pulses from
AND gate to counting circuit(register).
 Ramp Type Analog to Digital
Converter
• When Vr becomes exactly equal to Vi, the
comparator output switches to low level.
• Thus, stopping further clock pulses from
toggling the counting circuit.
• The time period (t1) of the comparator is
directly proportional to the input voltage Vi.
• Because the counting circuits are toggled
only during t1, the count is the digital
equivalent of the analog input.
 Ramp Type Analog to Digital
Converter
• The negative- going voltage step at the
end of the ramp resets the register to its
zero condition before the cycle of ramp
generation and counting recommences.

• The digital output will be depend upon the

display circuit whether in binary or BCD.
 Quantitating Error
• In the process of conversion from analog
to digital, the input voltage is quantized
into a number of discrete levels.
• For example:

• An input which ranges from 0 up to

maximum of 10V is converted into a digital
output which is an integer from 0 to 10.
 Quantitating Error
• Clearly, the output cannot accurately
represent an input of 9.1v or 9.9v.
• Both are likely to produce a 9 output,
giving an error that can be a maximum of
1 in 10 or 10%
• This is known as the conversion error,
quantizing error of the ADC.
Digital to Analog
Converter
R/2R Network
 R/2R Network
• The simplest kind of digital to analog
converter (DAC) consists of an R/2R
network.
• Since there are four digital input terminals,
the circuit is known as 4-bit DAC.
• Resistors R3,R5 and R7 each have a
resistance R.
• Resistors R1,R2,R4,R6 and R8 each have a
resistance of 2R.
 R/2R Network
• The resistance R might be anywhere in
the range from 1k to 100k-ohm depending
on the load current supplied at the circuit
output.
• Each digital i/p voltage is either 0 or 5v.
• The analog o/p voltage depends on the
presence or absence of each digital input
bit.
 R/2R Network
• When input A is present and all other
inputs are zero.
• Vi is potentially divided by resistor
R1 and R2 to give an open circuit
voltage of Vi/2 at the junction of
R1 and R2.
• At this junction output resistance
is R1||R2=R.
R/2R Network
 R/2R Network
• The table shows the analog voltage levels
for all combinations of digital inputs.
• The o/p voltage for any given i/p
combination can be determined by
assigning appropriate numeral to each i/p
according to its level of importance.
• Thus, bit A assign numeral 1 while bit B
assign 2.
 R/2R Network
• Similarly, bit C assign 4 and bit D is given
8.

• The output voltage is:

Vo=(D+C+B+A)Vi/16