RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

(PROGRAM ELECTIVE-II)
UNI-1-FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

COURSE

BY
Dr.Ahmad Syed
 UNIT1
Fundamentals of energy
 Introduction
 Classification of energy resources
 Merits and demerits of non-conventional energy sources over
conventional Energy sources
 Conventional and renewable sources of energy
 Distributed and central station generation
 DG technologies
 Advantages
 Introduction to hydro, tidal, wave, geothermal and biomass
energy

Note: In the presentation Follow as per the given syllabus only

Energy is required to do any kind of work.The word ‘energy’ itself is derived from Greek word ‘en
– ergon’, which means ‘in – work’ or ‘work content’

Energy use with progress of human civilization

29-08-2022
ENERGY, ECONOMY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Broadly, there are

four major energy
end use sectors:
• modern energy services is fundamental to fulfilling
Commercial basic social needs, driving economic growth and
fueling human development.
Industrial
• This is because energy services have an effect on
productivity, health, education, safe and potable
Residential water and communication services

• Modern services such as electricity, natural gas,

Transportatio modern cooking fuel and mechanical power are
n necessary for improved health and education, better
access to information and industrial as well as
agricultural productivity

• Thus, secure, reliable, affordable, clean and equitable energy supply is fundamental
to global economic growth and human development.
• One of the major challenges facing the world at present is that approximately 1.2 billion
people live without any access to modern energy services
 Conti…
 the comparative data of annual primary energy consumption and
GDP of some countries are given to emphasize this point.
 Oil Crisis of 1973

 OAPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting countries and Egypt, Syria and
Tunisia) proclaimed an embargo on oil production and started oil pricing control strategy,
in response to support of USA to Israel in its war against Egypt.
 Oil prices shot up four folds (from 3 USD per barrel) causing severe energy crisis the
world over. This resulted in spiralling price rise of various commercial energy sources
leading to global inflation.
 The world financial system, which was already under pressure from the Bretton Woods
breakdown, was set on a path of recession and inflation that persisted until the early
1980s, with oil prices continuing to rise until 1986.
 Conti…

 The world took this shock very seriously and for the first time a
need for developing alternative sources of energy was felt.
 Alternate energy sources were given serious consideration and
huge funds were allocated for development of these resources as
well as for framing policies for energy conservation.
 Thus the year 1973 is considered as the year of first ‘oil shock’.
In the same decade one more ‘oil shock’ jolted the world in 1979
caused by interruptions in exports from the Middle East, due to
the Iranian Revolution.
 By the end of 1980 the price of crude oil stood at 12 times (over
37 USD per barrel) what it had been just ten years earlier.
Annual Primary Energy Consumption and
GDP of selected countries
World marketed energy use by fuel type
 Energy and Economy

Effect of oil price in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of

How Energy Price Shocks Affect the Economy

Effect of global events on oil price and its subsequent impact on

global economy
Events that affected these recessions are listed below

1947:End of great depression

1951–1953: Korean war

1957: EEC formed

1959:Eisenhowerimposes import quotas

1965:Vietnam troop increase begins

1971: US market control ends, Rail Road

Commission of Texas (Texas RRC) 100%
proration
1973: US import quotas ease to six million
barrel per day (MMBPD)
Conti…

1974–1975: US and
global recession was
triggered by the tripling
of the price of oil 1980–1988: Iran–Iraq
following the Yom war
Kippur war and the
following oil embargo of
1973

1997–1998: East Asian 2002: Venezuela civil

crisis unrest
 Energy Dollar
Jobs and business activities

used to measure its health.

Loss of economic power, community's economic health, and dependence on

other states or countries for energy who in turn might try to manipulate the com-
munity’s way of life.

Loss of “economic multiplier” benefit that energy dollars could generate

For example, in Osage Beach, Missouri, USA, a $1.00 purchase of ordinary consumer goods in a
local store generates $1.90 of economic activity in the local economy.
Energy and Population
Conti..

Energy is one of the most basic needs

of humans.

Although the
We need energy to
world’s population
heat and air-
is projected to
condition our
grow at just under
living spaces, to
1% per year, the
cook food, for
population by
transportation, and
2030 is expected
to generate
to be
electricity for a
approximately
myriad purpose.
eight billion

Worldwide, two billion people do not

have access to electricity and use
wood or dung for cooking and
heating.
Project GDP of various region of the world by 2030
Increase in energy demand by various sectors in 2030
 Energy and Environment

Lack of access to clean,

affordable energy
Energy use and protection
services can cause
of environment go hand-
environmental
to-hand and is essential
degradation, such as
for sustainable economic
climate change, loss of
development.
biodiversity and ozone
layer depletion.
 Energy and Food Price

The cost of fertilizer,

The availability of energy
and its price is beginning to
affect both the supply and
price of food worldwide.
transportation of raw
materials, and the use of
machinery for both planting
and harvesting of
agricultural products depend
on the cost and availability
of energy.
ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT-ECONOMY

Thus the “three Es” - environment, energy, and economic development are
closely interrelated in a complex manner.

The strategy for mitigating “three Es” issues is a strategy for

environmentally sustainable economic development.

Herman Daly, a famous ecological economist laid down three conditions

for sustainability:

The consumption rate of renewable resources is not higher than its

recovery rate.

The consumption rate of non-renewable resources is not higher thanrate of

increase in renewable resource supply. the

The emission of pollutants is within the absorption capacity of the

environment.
Status of few top coal producing
countries (year 2013 data)
W E L C O M E TO
FUTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES

Based • Primary resources

on
Usabil
ity of
• Secondary Resources
Energ
y

Based
• Conventional
on
Traditi • Non-Conventional
onal
Use
Base
d on • Non-renewable
Long
- • renewable
Term
Avail
abilit
y
Based • Non-commercial Energy
on
Comm
ercial
• commercial Energy
Applic
ation
BASED ON ORIGIN
Fossil fuels energy
• Nuclear energy
• Hydro energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Biomass energy
• Geothermal energy
• Tidal energy
• Ocean thermal energy
• Ocean wave energy
 Based on Usability of Energy
 (a) Primary resources
 These include resources embodied in nature prior to undergoing any human-made conversions or
transformations.
 This only involves extraction or capture. Examples of primary energy resources are coal, crude oil,
sunlight, wind, running rivers, vegetation and radioactive material like uranium etc.
 These resources are generally available in raw forms and are therefore, known as raw energy
resources.
 Generally, this form of energy cannot be used as such. These are located, explored, extracted,
processed and are converted to a form as required by the consumer.
 Thus some energy is spent in making the resource available to the user in a usable form. The energy
yield ratio of an energy extraction process is defined as follows:
Energy Yield Ratio= Energy received from raw energy source /Energy

spent to obtain raw energy source

 Only resource for which the energy yield ratio is fairly high, are considered worth exploration
Secondary Resources
 The energy resources supplied directly to consumer for
utilization after one or more steps of transformation are
known as secondary or usable energy, e.g. electrical energy,
thermal energy (in the form of steam or hot water), refined fuels
or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuels, etc.
 Based on Traditional Use
 (a) Conventional Energy resources,
 which are being traditionally used, for many decades and were in
common use around oil crisis of 1973, are called conventional
energy resources, e.g. fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro resources.
 (b) Non-conventional Energy resources, which are considered for
large-scale use after the oil crisis of 1973, are called non-
conventional energy sources, e.g. solar, wind, biomass, etc.
 Based on Long-Term
Availability
 (a) Non-renewable Resources, which are finite and do not get
replenished after their consumption, are called non-renewable
e.g. fossil fuels, uranium, etc. They are likely to deplete with
time.
 (b) Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are
essentially inexhaustible.
 Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar
power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric
power.
 The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be
harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.
 Based on Commercial Application

 a) Commercial Energy Resource

 The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite
price are known as commercial energy.
 By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products.
 Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural,
transport and commercial development in the modern world.
 In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant
sources not only for economic production, but also for many
household tasks of general population.
 Conti..
 b) Non-commercial Energy The energy sources that are not available
in the commercial market for a price are classified as non-commercial
energy.
 Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle
dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and
not bought at a price, used especially in rural households. Non-
commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting.
 Examples of non-commercial energy are: firewood, agro waste in
rural areas, solar energy for water heating, animal power for
transport, irrigation and crushing of sugarcane, etc.
 CONSUMPTION TREND OF
PRIMARY ENERGY RESOURCES

Percentage consumption of various primary energy

resources
Hydro energy
Causes and effects of pollution
 Importance of Non-conventional Energy
sources
 Conventional sources (except hydro) are non-renewable and finite assets. With present
rate of consumption their availability is rapidly declining.
 The demand of energy is increasing exponentially due to rapid industrialization and
population growth, the conventional sources of energy alone will not be sufficient in the
long run, to meet the growing demand.
 Conventional sources (fossil fuels, nuclear) also cause pollution leading to degradation of
the environment. Ultimately, their use has to be restricted within acceptable limits.
 Large hydro resources affect wild life, cause deforestation and pose various social
problems.
 In addition to supplying energy, fossil fuels are also used extensively as feedstock for the
manufacture of organic chemicals. As reserves deplete, the need for using fossil fuels
exclusively for such purposes may become greater.
 Conti..
 Realizing the importance of non-conventional energy sources,
 in March 1981 the government of India established a Commission for Additional Sources of Energy
(CASE) in the Department of Science and Technology, on the lines of the Space and Atomic Energy
Commissions.
 In 1982, CASE was incorporated in the newly created Department of Non-Conventional Energy
Sources (DNES) under Ministry of Energy.
 Also IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd.) a Non-Banking Financial
Institution, under the administrative control of ministry was established in 1987 to promote, develop
and extend financial assistance for renewable energy and energy efficiency /conservation projects.
 The DNES was later converted to MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) in 1992.
 India was the first country in the world to set up a full-fledged ministry of non-conventional energy
resources. In October 2006 the ministry was re-christened as the “Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy”.
 ENERGY CHAIN
Primary energy transmission lines consumer

transformation electrical energy

stages

Primary energy Usable fuel Tconsumer

transformation Transported by
stages rail/road/ocean/pi
peline
 Energy routes

Electrical route

Primary energy
resource Final energy
consumption

Non-electrical routes
COMMON FORMS OF ENERGY

Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Thermal Energy
Chemical Energy
 Conti..
 Electrical Energy is considered to be the top grade energy. It is
used universally as vehicle of energy. About 30–40 per cent energy
distribution in the world is met through electrical supply system at
present.
 It can be very conveniently and efficiently converted to other forms
of energy.
 Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is required for movement of
objects, changing the shape of the objects, etc. It is used in
transportation, agriculture, handling, processing, and other
industrial processes.
 Conti…
 Thermal Energy Thermal energy is considered to be of
lower grade as compared to electrical and mechanical energy.
 It is used to raise the temperature of an object during
industrial processes.
 Itcan also be converted to mechanical energy with the help
of heat engines.
 There are three grades of thermal energy depending on the
temperature at which it available: (a) High grade (500–1000
°C and higher): It can be converted efficiently into
mechanical energy.
 Conti..
 Medium grade (150–500 °C): It can be converted into
mechanical energy with difficulty and with lower efficiency.
 (c) Low grade (80-50 °C): It cannot be ordinarily converted
into mechanical energy and used mostly for the purpose of
heating only.
 Chemical Energy Fuels and organic matter contain chemical
energy. Exothermic chemical reactions release heat energy.
 Also chemical energy is directly converted into electrical
energy in fuel cells, storage batteries, etc. and into thermal
energy by combustion.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

2. Security : As 3. Convenience:
storage is easy and These sources are
1. Cost : At present
convenient, by very convenient to
these are cheaper
storing certain use as technology
Advantages than non-
quantity, the energy for their conversion
conventional
availability can be and use is
sources.
ensured for certain universally
period. available.
Disadvantages

Fossil fuels Coal is also a

generate valuable petro-
These pollutants
pollutants. Main chemical and is
degrade the From long-term
pollutants CO2 is mainly used as raw
environment, point of view it
generated in the responsible for material for
pose health is desirable to
use of these global warming various
hazards and conserve coal
sources are CO, also. chemical,
cause various for future needs.
CO2, NOx, pharmaceuticals
other problems.
SOx, particulate and paints, etc.
matter and heat. industries.
Conti..
There are safety and technical issues with nuclear
energy. Major problems associated with nuclear
energy are as follows:

The waste material generated in nuclear plants

has radioactivity of dangerous level; it remains
above safe limit for a long period of time and thus
is a health hazard.

Its safe disposal, which is essential to prevent

radioactive pollution, is a challenging task.

Also the disposed radioactive waste is required to

be guarded for a long period (till its radioactivity
level comes down to a safe limit) in order to
prevent against going in wrong hands.
Conti..

Possibility of accidental leakage of

radioactive material from reactor (as
happened in Chernobyl, former USSR in
April 1986)

Uranium resource, for which the technology

presently exists, has limited availability.

Sophisticated technology is required for using

nuclear resources. Only few countries possess
the required expertise to use nuclear energy.
Hydroelectric plants are cleanest but large hydro-reservoirs cause
following problems

As large land area submerges into water, it leads to deforestation

Causes ecological disturbances such as earthquakes

Affects wild life

Causes dislocation of large

population and their
rehabilitation

problems
WAVE ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
SALIENT FEATURES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY SOURCES

Merits

Non-conventional sources are available in nature free

of cost.

They produce no or very little pollution. Tus by and

large they are environment friendly.

They are inexhaustible.

They have low gestation period.

Demerits

In general the energy is available

in dilute form from these
sources.

Tough available freely in nature

the cost of harnessing energy
from non-

conventional sources is generally

high.

Uncertainty of availability: the

energy flow depends on various
natural
Indian power sector
Difference
 DISTRIBUTEDD AND CENTRAL
STATION GENERATION and DG
•
technologies
centralized generation (CG) and distributed generation (DG) in the
future electric grid infrastructure.
• The CG has been in dominant use in the legacy system, serving large
consumptions of power but with a variety of problems including its cost,
sustainability, and resiliency challenges in the long run.
• On the other hand, the DG is smaller in design and power generation,
primarily designed for renewable energy resources (RER) such as wind
and solar energy resources.
 Conti..

• DG is not a new concept. A number of utility

consumers have been using DG for decades.
• Over the last 10 years, the DG market has been
somewhat turbulent.
• In the late 1990s, new regulations/subsidies, such as net
metering and renewable portfolio requirements, and the
development of new DG technologies, have sparked
broader interests in distributed generation. DG is power
generation built near consumers.
 Conti..

• DG sources include small-scale, environmentally-

friendly technologies (e.g., photovoltaic and wind)
installed on and designed primarily to serve a single
end user’s site.
• But when reliability and power quality issues are
critical, DG most often includes more traditional fossil
fuel fired reciprocating engines or gas turbines
 Conti..

• Though a small scale power plant, DG is

environmentally friendly due to its “friendly”
technologies.
• These “friendly” technologies include: photovoltaic’s
(PV), fuel cells, small wind turbines, or more
conventional technologies such as: micro turbines and
reciprocating engines that are fueled by renewable
fuels, for instance, landfill gas. DG encompasses
generation built near to a consumer’s load despite size
or energy source.
Distributed generation
Conti..
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 Central station Generation

• Central Generation or CG is the electric power production

by central station power plants that provide bulk power.
• Most of them use large fossil-fired gas or coal boilers, or
nuclear boilers to produce steam that drives turbine
generators. In some cases, large hydro is also used.
• These enormous plants require costly management of large
infrastructures..
 Conti..

• CG plants are susceptible to unreliability and instability

under unforeseeable events, and are often vulnerable to
attacks.
• Their limitations, in terms of efficiency and environmental
impact as well as stability to sustain them, have given rise to
renewable energy resource options for researchers and
policy-makers
 Conti..

• Both a centralized generated grid system and a distributed

generated grid system have their merits and demerits.
• Thus, it aims at enumerating both positive and negative
aspects of the grids as well as addressing the challenges
posed by the grids
 Conti..
Criteria for CG/DG Comparison

• Economies of scale: the advent of steam turbines made it

possible to increase the size of the turbines while decreasing
the marginal cost of electricity production.
• • High energy efficiency: gains in efficiency were achieved
through larger facilities that are capable of withstanding
higher stem pressures and temperatures used in electricity
generation.
 Conti..

• Innovation in electricity transmission: the use of alternate

current as opposed to or direct current is permitted to
transmit electricity over long distances without a significant
loss or reduction.

• • A search for reliability: so as to increase the reliability at

the customer’s end, large electricity production facilities
were connected to the transmission networks.
 Conti..

• Environmental constraints: the use of transmission networks

made it possible to relocate the generation facilities outside
the city centers thus removing pollution due to exhaust from
coal fire plants
Conti..
Conti..
Status of few top oil producing
countries
Status of few top gas producing
countries
Status of few top hydroelectricity producing
countries
Status of few top nuclear power producing
countries
Status (year 2014 end) of few top solar PV
installed capacity countries
Status of few top wind power
producing countries
 The Installed capacity and annual outputs in
respect of electricity and
direct use for top few countries from geothermal
resource (year 2011)
Introduction
• Energy generated by geothermal heat, and

using wind, tides,

solar, and biomass
including

farm
animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or
inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not
require heavy expenditure.
 Non renewable vs. Renewable

 Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature

are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be
replaced are termed nonrenewable.

 Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at

a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they
are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.

 Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted

faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal,
oil, natural gas).
How much longer can we depend on Fossil fuels?

 Bec ause they are fossil fuels they do have a

life expectancy.

 Burning fossil fuels has inc reased

atmospheric pollution.

 The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released as

carbon dioxide when they are burnt – this leads to
the green house effect and global warming.
Sector wise Consumptionof (Utilities), Electrici
Natural Gas, Petroleum ty
during 2011-12 produc
ts

Reference: Energy Statistics 2013

Source wise and state wise estimated potential of renewable power in
INDIA as on 31.03.2012
Solar Energy
Radiant Energy
Major uses of Solar
Energy
Heating Water

Space Heating

Generating Electrical Energy

 Solar Technologies

 Day lighting
 Passive
Solar
Heating
Concentrating
Solar
Thermal
Photovoltaic's
(PV)
Passive Solar

These homes in Montana and California with a passive solar design

heats the home in the winter.
How a Solar Power Plant Works
Power Tower
Photovoltaic Components

PV Cells

Modules

Arrays
Advantages of Solar Energy

Clean

Sustainable (can be used for longer duration)

Free of cost

Provide Electricity to Remote Places

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

 Inefficient – maximum efficiency up to 30%.

 Costly equipment.

 Part Time.

 High maintenance cost.

Photovoltaic Array Fields
Sandia National
Laboratories, US
 The Tides

HI GH
T IDE

LOW
TIDE

• Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels due to combined
effect of the Moon , the Sun and rotation of the Earth.
Tidal Energy
Tidal Energy

• Millions of gallons of water flow onto shore during tidal flows

and away from shore during ebb (move away from the land)
tide periods.

• The larger the tidal influence, the greater the displacement of

water and therefore the more potential energy that can be
harvested during power generation.
• Tidal energy is one of many forms of
hydropower generation.
• Tidal power has many advantages as compared
to other forms of renewable energy.
– It is predictable

– Global Climate Change should only

increase its generating capacity due to higher ocean
levels.
– It is completely carbon neutral like wind or
Tidal Stream Generators
 Tidal Stream Generators
•The world’s only operational commercial-
scale tidal turbine, SeaGen, was installed in
Strangford Narrows in Northern Ireland in
2008.

•The prototype SeaGen turbine produces

1.2MW with currents of 2.4m/s or more. The
capacity factor exceeds 60%.

• The facility is an accredited UK

power
station, and can contribute up to 6,000MWh
annually to the UK grid, the equivalent of
approximately 1500 homes.
Tidal Stream Generator Specifics
Advantages of using Tidal Power
• Predictable sourceof “green" energy
during lifetime of barrage
• It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it needs
no fuel.
• Not expensive to maintain.
• Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the
potential energy of the water into electricity
• Vertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together in
series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable of generating
electricity on a scale comparable to the largest existing
fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and nuclear energy
generation facilities
Disadvantages of using Tidal Power
• A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to
build, and affects a very wide area – the environment
is changed for many miles upstream and
downstream
• It provides power for around 10 hours each day,
when the tide is actually moving in or out, which is
not very much
• Existing ecosystems would be heavily altered, with
new species moving in and perhaps dominating old
species
• Tidal power schemes have a high capital cost
Environmental Impacts of Tidal Stream
Generation
 Environmental Effects
• A tidal power scheme is a long-term source of electricity. A
proposal for the Severn Barrage, if built, has been projected to
save 18 million tones of coal per year of operation. This
decreases the output of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere.
• If fossil fuel resource is likely to decline during the 21st century,
as predicted by Hubbert peak theory, tidal power is one of the
alternative source of energy that will need to be developed to
satisfy the human demand for energy.
 Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is heat inside the earth

.
What is Geo thermal?
Geothermal comes from the
Greek words Ge (earth)
and thermos (hot).

Thus, geothermal energy

means heat inside the earth.
The Earth Is
Made of
Layers
At the center is a core of molten iron.

Around that is an outer core of iron

and rock so hot that rock is in
molted state.
The liquid rock is called magma .

The next layer is a mixture of rock

and magma called the mantle .

The shell of the earth – with the

oceans and mountains - is called
the crust .
Heat Inside the Earth

• The inside of the earth

is very hot.
• We can use this heat
to warm our houses
and produce
electricity.
 How Do WeUse Geo
thermal Energy?
• Today, power plants use
steam from
geothermal wells to
make electricity.

• The steam is used to

spin turbines .

• The turbines spin

magnets in coils of
copper wire to make
electricity .
 Where Can We Find
Geo thermal
• Energy?
The most active geothermal resources are usually
found where earthquakes occur volcanoes , hot
springs, geysers,
volcanoes are concentrated.
Geo thermal Energy
is Clean & Cheap.
No fuel is burned, so there is no air pollution.

The steam is turned into water and put back

into the earth.
Geothermal energy is cheap – new power
plants can make electricity for about the same
as coal power plants.

14-082020
Geo thermal power
plant in
USA
Photo of Geo thermal power plant
Hydroelectric Energy
Layout Of Hydel power plant
 Location Of hydro power
plants
 Generally located near rivers
 Dams
 Streams
 High pressure water sources
 Chief Joseph Dam in Washington
• Produces 2069
MW; Grand
Coulee is 6465
MW!
• The other kind
of dam is the
storage dam
with a high
reservoir
Chief Joseph Dam “Fish Ladder”
• Fish ladder to allow fish to bypass the
dam and turbines
• Federal fish counters identify and tally
them
 Electrical Switch Yard at a Dam

• Bonneville
Dam upstream
from Portland
• Energy from
the turbines is
collected on
bus bars for
transmission

 After a transformer raises the voltage (and

decreases the current), the high lines connect to the
red-and-white tower’s insulators to be connected
into the grid
 Utah Dam Electrical Transformers
High
power has
three
phases,
thus three
single-
phase
transformer
s are used
for each
generator’s
output
 Working Of Water Wheels
• The water strikes the wheel about mid-way up
so the inertia and the weight of the water
push the wheel around

Water Flow
Hydroelectric Power Plants in India
Continued …
Continued
…
Wind Energy
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of
the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities
of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth.

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power"

describe the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity
 Common Wind Turbine Construction

Rotor

• Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft

• Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed
(40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range)
• Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator
Contd….
Sizes and
Applications

Small (10 kW)

• Homes Intermediate
• Farms (10-250
• Remote Application
kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid
Systems
• Distributed
Power
Large (660 kW - 2+MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind
Location of wind farms
o Mountains or hilly areas
o It can be build even on sea
sides or oceans
3D View of 1.5 mw turbine
ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

1. No by-product is produced
2. Although wind turbines can be very tall
each takes up only a small plot of land.
3. Remote areas that are not connected to the
electricity power grid can use wind turbines
to produce their own supply.
4. Wind turbines are available in a range of
sizes which means a vast range of people
and businesses can use them.
DISADVANTAGES OF
WIND POWER:
1. Not uniform
2. Wind turbines are noisy. (About 70
mph).
3. Capacity of wind turbines is less.
4. Less efficiency (About 30%)
 SUMMARY
Fundamentals of energy
Introduction
Classifications of energy resources
merits & demerits of non conventional
energy sources over conventional
energy sources, conventional &
renewable sources of energy,
distributed & central station
Generation, DG technologies,
advantages, introduction to hydro,
tidal, wave, geothermal & biomass
UNIT-1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

 Fundamentals of energy
 The word ‘energy’ itself is derived
from Greek word ‘en – ergon’,
which means ‘in – work’ or ‘work
content’.
 The work output depends on the  Classifications of energy resources
energy input and the capability to  Based on Usability of Energy
do work depends on the amount of
energy one can control and utilize.  Based on Traditional Use
 Based on Long-Term Availability
 Based on Commercial
Application
 Based on origin
 Importance of non-conventional energy
sources
 Conventional energy consumption their
availability is rapidly declining
 industrialization and population growth
 pollution  ENERGY CHAIN
 the present trend of developments of non-  The sequence of energy
conventional sources indicate that these transformations between primary and
will serve as supplement rather than secondary energy (usable energy) is
substitute for conventional sources for known as energy chain or energy
some more time to come route.
 COMMON FORMS OF ENERGY
 Electrical Energy
 Mechanical Energy
 Thermal Energy
 Chemical Energy
 Merits & demerits of non conventional energy sources
over conventional
 Merits
 free of cost
 no or very little pollution
 Inexhaustible
 low gestation period
Demerits
energy is available in dilute form from these
sources
cost of harnessing energy from non- conventional
sources is generally high
Uncertainty of availability(beyond human
control).
Difficulty in transporting, storage.
 DISTRIBUTED,CENTRAL STATION
GENERATION,DG TECHNOLOGIES & advantages
 DG
 The DG is smaller in design and power
generation, primarily designed for renewable
energy resources (RER) such as wind and solar
energy resources.
 Central Generation or CG is the electric power
production by central station power plants
that provide bulk power
 DG TECHNOLOGIES
 Reciprocity piston engines
 Gas turbines
 Fuel cell
Advantages
 Wind power • Increased electric system reliability
 Solar Power • An emergency supply of power
• Reduction of peak power requirements
• Improvement in power quality
• Reductions in land use effects
 Introduction to hydro, tidal, wave, geothermal and
biomass
 Hydro
 Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is a
renewable source of energy that
generates power by using a dam or
diversion structure to alter the natural
flow of a river or other body of water..
 Tidal:
 •
Tidal energy is power produced by the Geothermal energy is heat within the
surge of ocean waters during the rise earth. The word geothermal comes from
and fall of tides. Tidal energy is a the Greek words geo (earth) and therme
renewable source of energy (heat). Geothermal energy is a renewable
energy source because heat is
continuously produced inside the earth.
People use geothermal heat for bathing, to
heat buildings, and to generate electricity.
Wave energy:Transport and capture of energy by ocean surface waves. The energy
captured is then used for all different kinds of useful work, including electricity generation,
water desalination, and pumping of water
Introduction to hydro, tidal, wave, geothermal and
biomass

 Biomass
 energy generated or produced by living or once-living
organisms. The most common biomass materials used for energy
are plants, such as corn and soy, above. The energy from these
organisms can be burned to create heat or converted into electricity
 References
 BOOKS
 Renewable Energy Resources: Basic Principles and Applications Bo
ok by G. N. Tiwari and M. K. Ghosal
 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Sources
Book by G. N. Tiwari and M. K. Ghosal
 Non-Conventional Energy Resources - BH Khan - Google Books
 https://mnre.gov.in/
 Other sources
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tXhkEB2_iA
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEeH4EniM3E
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnvCbquYeIM
THANK
YOU