Statistics

PART 4
By
O.A Esan
Walter Sisulu University
QUARTILES
• The quartiles of a grouped data divide the set of data into four equal parts.
• The first or lower quartile is denoted as
Q1=1/4∑f
on the cumulative frequency curve and
The third or upper quartile by :
Q3=3/4∑f .
• The second or middle quartile is the median and is denoted as Q2.
• The quartiles of a set of numbers are found in the same way as the median.
• Also the same method is applied when finding the quartiles from a frequency
distribution table.
3,4,6,12,20,22,25
• For example, to find the quartiles of a set of ‘n’ numbers: x1, x2,x3,
…,xn
• 1. arrange the numbers in order of magnitude.
• 2. The 1st quartile Q1 is the ¼(n+1)th item or observation.
• 3. The 3rd quartile, Q3 is the ¾(n+1)th item or observation.
• Note that when n is large, Q1 is the ¼(n)th item or observation.
Q3 is the ¾(n)th item or observation.
PERCENTILE 100 n/100 *F 25/100*f
• The values which divide a set of data into 100 equal parts are called
percentile.
• Percentiles are denoted by P1, P2, P3,…..P99.
• The 50th percentile, P50 is the same as median
• The nth percentile is given by:
n/100*∑f
on the cumulative frequency curve.

• Therefore the 25th percentile=25/100*∑f= 1/4∑f=lower quartile.

DECILE
• The values which divide a set of data into 10 equal parts are called
decile.
• Deciles are denoted by D1, D2, D3,….., D9.
• The 5th decile, D5, is the same median.
• The nth decile is given by:

n/10*∑f
on the cumulative frequency curve.
Example

• Find the quartiles of the following set of numbers: 41, 26, 27, 64, 72, 65,
85, 20, 41, 30, 34
Solution
• Arrange the data in order of size first.
20, 26, 27, 30, 34, 41, 41, 64, 65, 72, 85
• There are n=11 values, so the lower quartile is the ¼(11+1)th value. i.e.
the 3rd value.
• The median or second quartile is the ½(11+1)th value. i.e. the 6th value.
• The upper quarter or third quartile is the ¾(11+1)th value. i.e. the 9th
value.
A) The first quartile or lower quartile is 27.
B)The second quartile or median is 41.
C)The third quartile or upper is 65
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
• The dispersion of a set of data is the amount of spread of data.
• The simplest measures of dispersion in statistics are the range, semi-
inter-quartile range, mean deviation, and standard deviation or
variance.
Range

• The range of a set of data is the difference between the greatest and
least values in the data.
• For example, the range of the set of numbers 33, 35, 45, 11, 12 is
45 – 11 = 34
• The range is not a very good measure of dispersion.
• It depends on the two ‘extreme values’ which may be exceptional
Inter-quartile range and semi-interquartile
range
• The inter-quartile range are slightly better measures of dispersion
than the range.
• They are not affected by extreme values because they are based on
the ‘middle-half’ of the data, i.e. between the upper and lower
quartiles.
• The inter-quartile range=upper quartile – lower quartile i.e
Inter-quartile range= Q3 – Q1
• The semi-inter-quartile range is half the inter-quartile range. i.e.
Semi inter-quartile= ½(Q3 –Q1)
Example
• A distribution has a lower quartile of 147 and an upper quartile of
166. Calculate the inter-quartile range and hence the semi-
interquartile range.
• Solution
• The inter-quartile range=upper quartile – lower quartile
• = 166 – 147 = 19
• The semi-interquartile range = 19/2 = 9.5
MEAN DEVIATION
• The mean deviation is usually measured from arithmetic mean,
although it can be measured from the median or mode.
1) The mean deviation of a set of numbers
• The mean deviation from the mean n values x1, x2, x3,….,xn, is given
by:

• Where is the sample mean.

• Note that |-3| = 3.
• Thus we are interested in only absolute values.
Example
• X=6,34,20,1,8,10
• Calculate mean deviation

• =6+34+20+1+8+10/6
6,34,20,1,8,10

6 13.1 |6-13.1| =
34 13.1 |34 – 13.1| =
20 13.1 |20 – 13.1| =
1 13.1 |1 – 13.1| =
8 13.1 |8 – 13.1| =
10 13.1 |10 – 13.1| =
2) The mean deviation from a frequency distribution table
• The mean deviation from the mean from a frequency distribution is
given by:

• Where f =frequency and

• Note that for grouped frequency distribution, x represents the class
mid-value of each class
Example
• Find the mean deviation of the set of numbers 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
• First find the mean,

• Next form the table below

X
11 |11 – 13| = |-2| =2 2
12 |12 – 13| = |-1| =1 1
13 |13 – 13| = |0| = 0 0
14 |14 – 13| =|1|=1 1
15 |15 – 13| = |2| =2 2
=6
• From the table
Example2
• Calculate the mean deviation from the mean of the distribution below

class 10 -15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40
Freq. 2 12 27 41 30 7
Solution
• First calculate

Class interval F Class F(x)

midpoint(x)
10 - 15 2 12.5 25 14.45 28.90
15 - 20 12 17.5 210 9.45 113.40
20 - 25 27 22.5 607.5 4.45 120.15
25 - 30 41 27.5 1127.5 0.55 22.55
30 - 35 30 32.5 975 5.55 166.50
35 - 40 7 37.5 262.5 10.55 73.85
∑f = 119 ∑F(x)=3207.5 =525.35
• Mean deviation:
STANDARD DEVIATION

• The standard deviation is the most widely used and important

measure of dispersion in statistics.
• It is based on the mean and shows how widely data are spread
(dispersed) about the mean value.
• The standard deviation can be used to compare two or more sets of
data.
• The standard deviation is the positive square root of the variance
1)The standard deviation of a set of numbers
• The standard deviation of a set of numbers x1, x2, x3,….,xn, is
denoted by s where

• Where is the sample mean

2) The standard deviation from a frequency distribution table
• If the numbers x1, x2, x3,…,xn occur with respective frequencies f1,
f2, f3,…,fn then the standard deviation is given by:

• Where f=frequency and

VARIANCE
• The variance is the square of the standard deviation. For example, if
the standard deviation of a data is 1.2 then the variance is 1.22=1.44
• Example
• The mean of the numbers 15, 21, 17, 18, 29 is 21. find the variance
and standard deviation of the numbers
Solution
• The mean, has been given to be 21. next form the table below.
X
15 -6 36
21 0 0
17 -4 16
26 5 25
18 -3 9
29 8 64