ETHICS IN

FISCAL
ADMINISTRATI
PART III
ON TRANSPARENCY AND
ACCOUNTABILTY
TRANSPARENCY
THROUGH FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT

• As technology evolves, the public

demands detailed information at the click
of a few keystrokes. Transparency entails
more than simply making data available.
However, the information also needs to
be readily accessible and understandable.
Toward this end, the overall design of a
public budget can contribute to or detract
from openness and promote
accountability.
Life-item Budgets
• The traditional line-item budget is classic design
that has stood the test of time. This format tends
to operate on an annual cycle and cash basis
(actual funds on hand)with marginal change from
year to year.
PERFORMANCE BUDGETTING

Budget Managers bear a large

This budget structure is based
responsibility to validate
on future plans and prior
expenses and document
performance, with the ideal of
successes to continue to justify
getting the most service for the
the existence of the program or
resources allocated.
project.
ZERO-BASED BUDGETTING

The zero-based format includes strict accountability measures, in the sense

that budget managers most demonstrate that the program is worthwhile to
continue.

The catch with the zero-based strategy, however, is that the budget resets
each funding cycle, meaning that the budget manager must start from
scratch to justify requested funds.

This model is extremely time-consuming, particularly for budgets that

reset every fiscal year
CHECKS AND
BALANCES

• Among the materials available to the

public are government documents, which
the public and non-profit fiscal managers
need to be aware of best practices for
handling financial data, as well as
requirements for their agencies and
organizations
ACCOUNTING

• Accounting standards can be defined as

“authoritative standards for financial
accounting and reporting developed
through an organized standard –setting
process and issued by a recognized
standard-setting body.
• Domestically and abroad, such standards
helps fiscal administrators within
government activities entities to know how
to conduct, measures and disclose financial
activities of their respective agencies
REPORTING

• At the federal levels, individual offices

have responsibility and maintaining
certain records, reproduction, and
comparison
AUDITING

• Can be conducted internally or externally, with

benefits inherent in both practices.
• A key advantage of an internal auditor is
institutional knowledge, in that the individual
should already be familiar with the culture and
policies of the organization they are evaluating
• Developing a culture of transparency within the
public and non-profit sectors is a critical step,
but having built-in accountability measures will
not exempt an agency or organization from
critique & influence
 REFORMISM

POLITICAL INCREMENTALISM
INFLUENCES
ON PUBLIC DETERMINISIM
BUDGETS
SATISFICING

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

TAXATION

VALUE ADDED TAX

DEBT
ADMINISTRATION

INTERGOVERMENTA
L RELATIONS
THANK YOU!

APRIL ROSE C. SANCON RN, LPT