RELATING SPECIES

EXTINCTION TO
THE FAILURE OF
POPULATIONS OF
ORGANISMS TO
ADAPT TO ABRUPT
CHANGES IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
• Describe and explain the
importance of biodiversity;
• Determine the pattern of
population distribution;
• State the causes of extinction;
• Make an advocacy material on
environment protection and
preservation.
PHOTO
QUIZ
The words in the box are some of
the causes of species
extinction. Look at the pictures
below and identify which cause
of
extinction matches each group of
pictures.
HUNTING
AND
TRAPPING
 TAKING
ANIMALS
FOR PROFIT
DESTRUCTIO
N OF HABITAT
POLLUTION
 OVER
HARVESTING
An ecosystem is a community of
organisms interacting with the
physical environment.

biotic (living)

abiotic (non-living)
 To continuously survive,
organisms depend on their
surroundings. In an ecosystem,
organisms need a balanced
environment. In a balanced
ecosystem, all organisms
interact successfully in a place
where there is enough supply
of non-living components to
sustain life.
A limiting factor is a resource or
environmental condition which limits
the growth, distribution, or
abundance of organisms within an
ecosystem.

can be Biotic or Abiotic.

Biotic limiting factor

-food
-mates
-competition with other
organism for resources.
Abiotic limiting
factor

-space
-temperature
-shelter
-altitude
-amount of sunlight available in an
environment
The limiting factors determine
the carrying capacity of a
habitat.
Carrying capacity refers to the
maximum size of the population it
can support.
If an organism, group, or population
does not have enough resources to
sustain it, individuals will die
through starvation, or they will fail
to produce offspring.
Biodiversity refers to the variety
of life in the area.
 ADDITIO
NAL
NOTES

POPULATION REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF

ORGANISMS OF THE SAME SPECIES LIVING IN A
CERTAIN AREA.
 ADDITIO
NAL
NOTES

COMMUNITY REFERS TO GROUPS OF

DIFFERENT POPULATIONS.

COMMUNITIES WITH MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES

(HIGH BIODIVERSITY) WILL BE ABLE TO
WITHSTAND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
BETTER THAN COMMUNITIES WITH ONLY A
FEW SPECIES (LOW BIODIVERSITY).
ADDITIO
NAL
NOTES
 ADDITIO
NAL
NOTES

POPULATION DENSITY REFERS TO THE NUMBER

OF INDIVIDUALS LIVING WITHIN THAT SPECIFIC
LOCATION, OR THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS
DIVIDED BY THE SIZE OF THE AREA.

POPULATION DENSITY CAN BE USED TO

DESCRIBE THE LOCATION, GROWTH, AND
MIGRATION OF MANY ORGANISMS.
 ADDITIO
NAL
NOTES
ENDANGERED SPECIES, any species that is at risk of
extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its
population or a loss of its critical habitat.

Previously, any species of plant or animal that was

threatened with extinction could be called an endangered
species.
 ADDITIO
NAL
NOTES
EXTINCTION OF A PARTICULAR ANIMAL OR
PLANT SPECIES OCCURS WHEN THERE ARE NO
MORE INDIVIDUALS OF THAT SPECIES ALIVE
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD - THE SPECIES HAS
DIED OUT.

THIS IS A NATURAL PART OF EVOLUTION. BUT

SOMETIMES EXTINCTIONS HAPPEN AT A MUCH
FASTER RATE THAN USUAL.
 &
CONCER
Many human activities disturb the
balance in the ecosystem.

Examples of these are pollution,

deforestation, wildlife depletion, and
destruction of coastal resources.
POLLUTI
ON
DEFORESTATI
ON
 WILDLIFE
DEPLETION
DESTRUCTION OF COASTAL
RESOURCES
 ALL OF THESE RESULT IN ECOLOGICAL
IMBALANCE.

ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE HAPPENS WHEN

THERE IS A DISTURBANCE WHICH IS EITHER
NATURAL OR MAN-MADE DISTURBANCE THAT
DISRUPTS THE BALANCE OF AN ECOSYSTEM
Pollution is one of the most evident
environmental issues we are
currently facing.

Pollution is the addition of

contaminants or harmful substances
into a natural environment.
 These contaminants are considered
pollutants and can damage the
quality of the air we breathe and the
water we drink.

The major types of pollution are air

and water pollution.
POLLUTI
ON
 AIR
POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION HAPPENS WHEN SOLID, LIQUID,
AND GAS PARTICLES ARE DISPERSED INTO THE
AIR.

THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS, EXHAUST

FROM THE VEHICLES AND FACTORIES,
BURNING OF PLASTICS, AND AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES ARE SOME OF THE MAN-MADE
ACTIVITIES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO AIR
POLLUTION. WILDFIRES AND VOLCANIC ASHES
ARE ALSO SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS.
BURNING OF EXHAUST FROM
FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLE

FACTORY BURNING OF
PLASTIC
WILDFIRES
VOLCANIC ASHES
 NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) AND SULFUR
DIOXIDE (SO2) EMITTED BY COAL PLANTS,
FACTORIES, ELECTRIC POWER GENERATORS,
AND VEHICLES CONTRIBUTE TO ACID RAIN.
THESE SUBSTANCES REACT WITH WATER
MOLECULES, OXYGEN, AND OTHER
CHEMICALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE WHICH
PRODUCES ACID.
ACID RAIN CANNOT HARM HUMANS DIRECTLY,
BUT IT IS MORE HARMFUL TO PLANTS AND
OTHER ANIMALS.

NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS THAT ARE NEEDED

BY THE PLANTS TO GROW ARE REMOVED
THROUGH THE ACID RAIN.

IT CAN CAUSE THE WEAKENING OR DEATH OF

TREES.
 WATER
POLLUTION
 WHEN WASTES ARE NOT DISPOSED OF
PROPERLY, THESE WILL REACH THE
GRASSLANDS, STREAMS, RIVERS, LAKES, AND
OCEANS.

DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES SUCH AS

OILS, CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND
AGRICULTURAL WASTES ARE THE MAIN
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION.
 POLLUTED WATER IS NO LONGER SAFE FOR
DRINKING AND SWIMMING.

ON THE OTHER HAND, WHEN THERE IS AN

INCREASE OF ORGANIC NUTRIENTS BROUGHT
ABOUT BY THE CHEMICALS AND GARBAGE
THROWN INTO THE BODIES OF WATER, THIS
STIMULATES THE GROWTH OF ALGAE AND IN
TURN, LESSENS THE AVAILABLE OXYGEN FOR
OTHER AQUATIC ANIMALS.
 WHEN OXYGEN IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE,
AQUATIC ORGANISMS WILL DIE.

WATER QUALITY AND CLARITY WILL ALSO BE

AFFECTED. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED
EUTROPHICATION.
 WILDLIFE
DEPLETION
 ONE OF OUR NATURAL RESOURCES IS THE
WILDLIFE. WILDLIFE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT
ROLE IN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE.

AMONG THE FAMOUS PHILIPPINE WILDLIFE IS

THE MONKEY-EATING EAGLE, WHICH IS NOW
CONSIDERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED.
MONKEY-EATING
EAGLE
 HUNTING AND TRAPPING, TAKING ANIMALS
FOR PROFIT, KILLING THEM, AND DESTROYING
THEIR HABITATS THROUGH DEFORESTATION
ARE WAYS ON HOW HUMAN BEINGS HARM OR
DESTROY WILDLIFE SPECIES.
DESTRUCTION OF COASTAL
RESOURCES
 ASIDE FROM POLLUTION, OVERHARVESTING,
THE USE OF EXPLOSIVES AND CHEMICALS, AND
THE CONVERSION OF COASTAL AREAS INTO
RESORTS AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS GREATLY
AFFECT MARINE ORGANISMS AND THEIR
HABITATS.
OVERHARVESTING OR OVERFISHING HAPPENS
WHEN PEOPLE COLLECT, CAPTURE, OR
HARVEST MARINE ORGANISMS SUCH AS CORAL
REEFS, FISH, SEA TURTLES, AND OTHERS IN A
LARGE QUANTITY.
OVERFISHING
 ON THE OTHER HAND, DYNAMITE FISHING,
CYANIDE FISHING, AND MURO-AMI FISHING AS
THE KNOWN ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS USED
IN THE PHILIPPINES KILL PLENTY OF MARINE
ANIMALS AND DESTROY CORAL REEFS.

THESE ACTIVITIES ARE VERY HARMFUL AND

CAN REDUCE THE NUMBER OF MARINE
ORGANISMS. WHEN THE POPULATION OF
MARINE ORGANISMS IS REDUCED, THE FOOD
WEB IN A MARINE ECOSYSTEM IS GREATLY
AFFECTED.
DYNAMITE
FISHING
CYANIDE FISHING

MURO-AMI
FISHING
 COASTAL AREAS ARE ONE OF THE TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS IN THE COUNTRY. BECAUSE WE
ARE RICH WITH BEAUTIFUL BEACHES, MANY
TOURISTS WOULD LIKE TO STAY AND ENJOY
THEIR VACATION WITH US. BECAUSE OF ITS
AESTHETIC AND ECONOMIC VALUE, COASTAL
AREAS ARE THEN CONVERTED INTO RESORTS,
RESIDENCES, AND BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS.

THE INCREASING NUMBER OF

INFRASTRUCTURES ALSO INCREASES THE
CHANCES OF CONTRIBUTING POLLUTION TO
LARGE BODIES OF WATER THAT DESTROYS THE
 RESORTS,
RESIDENCES,
AND BUSINESS
ESTABLISHMEN
 Any
question?