1.

Analysis : Collecting a data from a variety of sources

by using a variety of tools and techniques. The data is
needed for an adequate understanding of the client.
2. Synthesis: Summarizing and organizing the data so
as to reveal the client’s assets liabilities, adjustments,
maladjustments.
3. Diagnosis: At this stage we are to find out the root
cause of the problems exhibited by the clients.
4. Prognosis: At this stage we predict the future
development of the client’s problems.
5. Treatment or counseling : It may include some or all of
the following procedures:
a. Establishing rapport
b. Interpreting the collected data
c. Advising or planning a program of action
d. Assisting the client in carrying out the plan of action.
e.Referrals to other counselors for assistance in
diagnosing or counseling.
f. In short, at this stage the counselor takes steps with
the student or client to bring about adjustment and
readjustment for him.
6. Follow up: Here the counselor helps the client with
new problems or with recurrences of the original
problem, and determines the effectiveness of counseling
provided by him.
Counselling Techniques
There are five categories of techniques in Directive
Counseling. These are:
1. Forcing conformity
2. Changing the environment
3. Selecting the appropriate environment
4. Learning needed skills
5. Changing attitudes
Williamson believed that no technique is appropriate to
the counseling of all clients. Believing that each
technique is appropriate only to particular problems
and particular clients, he cautioned that the techniques
must be adapted to the individuality of the clients.