MODULE 2

SINGLE PHASE SERIES AC

CIRCUIT

EE-425 Electrical Circuits II

 IMPEDANCE
Impedance (Z) is the effective resistance of an electric circuit or component to alternating
current, arising from the combined effects of ohmic resistance and reactance. It can be
represented by a complex form, either in rectangular or polar form.

Also, the impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage E to the phasor current I,
measured in ohms (Ω). It represents the opposition which the circuit exhibits to the flow of
sinusoidal current.
 IMPEDANCE
Frequently, for solving the impedance, impedance triangle is used. It is the right-angled
triangle formed by the vectors representing the resistance drop, the reactance drop, and the
impedance drop of a circuit carrying an alter. Example of an impedance triangle is shown
below:

where:
R = resistance in ohm
X = reactance in ohm
Zm = magnitude of impedance in ohm,
=
Ø = angle in degree
RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE
Resistance
Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the
device or material reduces the electric current flow through it. The
resistance is measured in units of ohms(Ω)

Reactance
Reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change in
current or voltage, due to that element’s inductance or capacitance. It
is the property of inductor or capacitor which opposes the flow of
current.
 POWER FACTOR

Power factor
Power factor is a measure of the electrical systems
efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of the resistance and impedance
or it is the cosine of the angle between the impressed voltage and
the current. Like all ratio measurements, power factor (pf) is a
unitless quantity. However, for ac supply it is necessary to
determine if the power factor is leading or lagging.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SERIES AC CIRCUIT
 PURELY RESISTIVE AC
CIRCUIT
A pure resistance circuit takes a current in phase with the impressed voltage. This
implies that the power factor is unity. Therefore, the applied voltage has to supply
the ohmic voltage drop only. Hence,

where:
= instantaneous voltage in volt
= instantaneous current in ampere
PURELY RESISTIVE AC
CIRCUIT
PURELY INDUCTIVE AC CIRCUIT
A pure inductance circuit takes the current IL that lags the applied voltage EL by
90°. In a purely inductive circuit the opposition to the flow of alternating current is
called the inductive reactance, XL

where
EL = the voltage across the inductance in volt (V)
IL = the current through the inductance in ampere (A)
f = the supply frequency in hertz (Hz)
L = the inductance in henry (H)
 PURELY CAPACITIVE AC
CIRCUIT
A pure capacitance circuit takes a current IC that leads the applied voltage EC by
90°. In a purely capacitive circuit the opposition to the flow of alternating current
is called the capacitive reactance, XC

where
EC = the voltage across the capacitance in volt (V)
IC = the current through the capacitance in ampere (A)
f = the supply frequency in hertz (Hz)
C = the capacitance in farad (F)
EXAMPLE 9

1. (a) Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.32 H when it is connected to

a 50 Hz supply. (b) A coil has a reactance of 124 ohms in a circuit with a supply
of frequency 5 kHz. Determine the inductance of the coil.

2. A coil has an inductance of 40 mH and negligible resistance. Calculate its

inductive reactance and the resulting current if connected to (a) a 240 V, 50 Hz
supply, and (b) a 100 V, 1 kHz supply

3. Determine the capacitive reactance of a capacitor of 10 μF when connected to a

circuit of frequency (a) 50 Hz (b) 20 kHz.
 SERIES RL CIRCUIT
In an ac circuit containing inductance L and
resistance R, the applied voltage E is the phasor sum
of ER and EL and thus the current I lags the applied
voltage E by an angle lying between 0° and 90°.
 SERIES RC CIRCUIT

In an ac circuit containing capacitance C and

resistance R, the applied voltage E is the phasor sum
of ER and EC and thus the current I leads the applied
voltage E by an angle lying between 0° and 90°.
 SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
In an ac series circuit containing resistance R,
inductance L and capacitance C, the applied voltage
E is the phasor sum of ER, EL and EC. EL and EC are
anti-phase, displaced by 180°, and there are three
diagrams possible – each depending on the relative
values of EL and EC.
EXAMPLE 10
1. In a series R-L circuit the potential difference across the resistance R is 12 V and the potential
difference across the inductance L is 5 V. Find the supply voltage and the phase angle between the
current and voltage.

2. A coil has a resistance of 4 Ω and an inductance of 9.55 mH. Calculate (a) the reactance, (b) the
impedance, and (c) the current taken from a 240 V, 50 Hz supply. Determine also the phase angle
between the supply voltage and current.

3. A coil takes a current of 2 A from a 12 V dc supply. When connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz supply the
current is 20 A. Calculate the resistance, impedance, inductive reactance and inductance of the coil.

4. A resistor of 25 Ω is connected in series with a capacitor of 45 μF. Calculate (a) the impedance, and (b)
the current taken from a 240 V, 50 Hz supply. Find also the phase angle between the supply voltage
and the current.
EXAMPLE 11

5. A capacitor C is connected in series with a 40 Ω resistor across a supply of

frequency 60 Hz. A current of 3 A flows and the circuit impedance is 50 Ω.
Calculate (a) the value of capacitance, (b) the supply voltage, (c) the phase
angle between the supply voltage and current, (d) the potential difference
across the resistor and (e) the potential difference across the capacitor. Draw
the phasor diagram.

6. A coil resistance 5 Ω and inductance of 120 mH in series with a 100 μF

capacitor, is connected to a 300 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the current
flowing, (b) the phase difference between the supply voltage and the current,
(c) the voltage across the coil and (d) the voltage across the capacitor.
ANYONE?
THANK YOU!