Mathematics for Architects and

Designers
B. Arch/ B. ID. MATH-141 (2 Cr. Hr.)

INSTRUCTOR
DR. ADNAN ASLAM
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SEECS- NUST.
PH.D. IN MATHEMATICS
 Introduction to functions
Relation:

 A relation is a correspondence between two sets: a set X, called the domain, and
a set Y, called the range. In a relation, each element from the domain corresponds
to at least one element from the range.

 If x is an element of the domain and y is an element of the range, and if a relation

exists from x to y, then we say that y corresponds to x or that y depends on x, and
we write x→y. It is often helpful to think of x as the input and y as the output of
the relation.
Relationship and Correspondence
Whether a Relation Represents a Function!

 Let X and Y be two nonempty sets. A function from X into Y is a

relation that associates with each element of X exactly one
element of Y.
 The set X is called the domain of the function. For each element
x in X, the corresponding element y in Y is called the value of
the function at x, or the image of x. The set of all images of the
elements in the domain is called the range of the function.
 Determining Whether a Relation Given
by a Set of Ordered Pairs is a Function
Example: For each relation, state the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation is a function.
(a) {(1, 4), (2, 5),(3, 6), (4, 7)} (b) {(1,
4), (2, 4), (3, 5), (6, 10)}
(c) {( - 3, 9), ( - 2, 4), (0, 0), (1, 1), (- 3, 8)}

(a) The domain of this relation is {1, 2, 3, 4} and its range is {4, 5, 6, 7}. This relation is a function because there are no

ordered pairs with the same first element and different second elements.

(b) The domain of this relation is {1, 2, 3, 6}, and its range is {4, 5, 10}. This relation is a function because there are no

ordered pairs with the same first element and different second elements.

(c) The domain of this relation is { - 3, - 2, 0, 1}, and its range is {0, 1, 4, 8, 9}. This relation is not a function because there

are two ordered pairs, (- 3, 9) and (- 3, 8), that have the same first element and different second elements.
1-1 (One to one) Correspondence:
Finding Values of a Function
Example: For the function f defined by f(x) = 2x2 - 3x, evaluate
(a) f(3)
(b) f(x) + f(3)
(c) 3f(x)
(d) f( - x)
(e) – f(x)
(f) f(3x)
(g) f(x + 3)
(h) f(x + h)
Sum, Difference, Product and Quotient
of two functions
 For ;
 Even and Odd Functions

 A function f is even if, for every number x in its domain, the number - x is also in the
domain and

 A function f is odd if, for every number x in its domain, the number - x is also in the
domain and

Example:

1. (Absolute Valued Function)

 Composite Function
 Given two functions f and g, the composite function, denoted by f ∘ g (read as“ f composed with
g”), is defined by

The domain of f ∘ g is the set of all numbers x in the domain of g for which g(x) is in the domain of
f.
Example: For and ;
Find:
 Inverse Functions
 Suppose y = f(x) is a one-to-one function. The correspondence from the range of f to the domain
of f is called the inverse function of f. The symbol f -1 is used to denote the inverse function of f.
In other words, if y = f(x) is a one-to-one function, then f has an inverse function f -1 and x = f -
1
(y).
 Domain of f = Range of f -1
 Range of f = Domain of f -1
 Example: Find the inverse of f(x) = 2x + 3. Graph f and f -1 on the same coordinate axes.
 Replace f(x) with y in f(x) = 2x + 3 and obtain y = 2x + 3. Now interchange the variables x and y
to obtain x = 2y + 3
 This equation defines the inverse function f -1 implicitly.
Practice Problems

 Calculus By Swokowski (6th Edition)

Pre-calculus Overview (Functions and their Graphs)
 Exercise A and B
 Don’t do all the problems
 Do the ones that are of medium difficulty level and challenging to you.