NUMBER

THEORY
COLLEGE AND LOGIC AND
ADVANCE SET THEORY
ALGEBRA

NUMBER THEORY
4PICS 1WORD
S I G N
S Y M B O L
O P E R A T I O N S
PRELIMINAR
Y NOTIONS
• Properties of Integers
• Summation and Multiplication Symbol
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LESSON THE STUDENTS
EXPECTED TO:
• Define what is Integers and the rules involving operations in
integers
• Distinguish the properties applied in operation of integers
• Grasp and classify the symbol of summation and
multiplication and their function
Let's Define:

INTEGE
R
 Let's Define:

INTEGER
An integer is a Latin word that means
“whole” or “intact.” Hence, integers
include all whole numbers and
negative numbers without fractions
and decimals.
 TYPES OF
INTEGERS
Integer numbers can be divided into three
categories: zero, positive integers, and
negative integers.

Zero: Zero is an integer that is neither

positive nor negative. It is simply written as 0
without any positive or negative sign.
 TYPES OF
INTEGERS
Integer numbers can be divided into three
categories: zero, positive integers, and
negative integers.

Positive Integers: Positive integers are natural

counting numbers greater than zero. Examples
of positive integers are
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . .
 TYPES OF
INTEGERS
Integer numbers can be divided into three
categories: zero, positive integers, and
negative integers.

Negative Integers: Negative integers are

integers with a value less than zero.Examples
of negative integers are -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -
6, . . .
 INTEGERS ON A
NUMBER LINE
A number line is a visual representation of
numbers on a straight line. This line is used for
the comparison of numbers that are placed at
equal intervals on an infinite line that extends
on both sides, horizontally.
INTEGERS ON A NUMBER
LINE
 INTEGER
OPERATION
S
 INTEGER
OPERATIONS
There are some rules for performing these operations of
integers. Before we start learning these methods of integer
operations, we need to remember a few things.

• If there is no sign in front of a number, it means that

the number is positive. For example, 5 means +5.
• The absolute value of an integer is a positive number,
i.e., |−2| = 2 and |2| = 2.
 ADDITION OF
Adding
INTEGERS
integers is the process of finding
the
sum of two or more integers where the value
might increase or decrease depending on the
integer being positive or negative.
 RULES OF INTEGERS
IN ADDITION
While adding two integers, we use the following rules:
• When both integers have the same signs: Add the absolute
values of integers, and give the same sign as that of the
given integers to the result.
• When one integer is positive and the other is negative:
Find the difference of the absolute values of the numbers
and then give the sign of the larger of these numbers to the
result.
 SUBTRACTION OF
INTEGERS
Subtracting integers is the process of finding
the difference between two or more integers
where the final value might increase or
decrease depending on the integer being
positive or negative.
 RULES OF INTEGERS IN
SUBTRACTION
In order to carry out the subtraction of two integers, we use
the following rules:
• Convert the operation into an addition problem by
changing the sign of the subtrahend.
• Apply the same rules of addition of integers and solve the
problem thus obtained in the above step.
 MULTIPLICATION OF
INTEGERS
• If both integers have the same sign, the resultant
product will have a positive (+) sign.
• If the integers have different signs, the resultant
product will have a negative (–) sign.
RULES OF INTEGERS
IN MULTIPLICATION
 DIVISION OF
INTEGERS
• If both integers have the same sign, the result
will have a positive (+) sign.
• If the integers have different signs, the result
will have a negative (–) sign.
RULES OF INTEGERS
IN DIVISION
PROPERTIE
S OF
INTEGERS
 CLOSURE
PROPERTY OF
INTEGERS
The closure property of integers states that the addition, subtraction, and
multiplication of two integers always results in an integer. So, this implies if {a,
b} ∈ Z, then c ∈ Z, such that

• a+b= Integer
• a – b= Integer
• a×b= Integer
 • However, the closure property does not work for the division of
integers because the division of two integers may result in a non-
integer.

Therefore, the closure property is not applicable to the division of

integers. It holds true for the addition, subtraction, and multiplication
of integers. Let us look at some examples of closure property of
integers given below:
• -2 + 7 = 5, where {-2, 5, 7} ∈ Z.
• -9 - (-8) = -1, where {-9, -8, -1} ∈ Z.
• -7 × 0 = 0, where {-7, 0} ∈ Z.
 ASSOCIATIVE
PROPERTY OF
INTEGERS
The associative property of integers under addition and multiplication states that
the result of the addition and multiplication of more than two integers is always
the same irrespective of the grouping of integers. This implies that for any three
integers a, b, and c, we have,

• a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c = (a + c) + b
• a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c = (a × c) × b
 COMMUTATIVE
PROPERTY OF
INTEGERS
The commutative property of integers is similar to the associative property; the
only difference is that in this property, we take only two integers. The
commutative property of integers under addition and multiplication states that
the result of the addition and multiplication of two integers is always the same
regardless of their order. This implies, if there are two integers a and b, we have,

• a+b=b+a
• a×b=b×a
 DISTRIBUTIVE
PROPERTY OF
INTEGERS
The distributive property of integers states that the multiplication operation can
be distributed over addition and subtraction to make calculations easier. This
implies, for any three integers, a, b, and c, we have,

• a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
• a × (b - c) = (a × b) - (a × c)
 IDENTITY
PROPERTY OF
INTEGERS
The identity property of an integer states that any integer added to zero will
result in the same integer. Similarly, any integer multiplied by one will give the
same integer.
So, for any integer a:

• a+0=0+a=a
• ax1=1xa=a
 ADDITIVE INVERSE
PROPERTY OF
INTEGERS
An additive inverse of a number is defined as the value, which on adding with
the original number results in zero value. It is the value we add to a number to
yield zero. Suppose, a is the original number, then its additive inverse will be
minus of a i.e.,-a, such that;
a+(-a) = a – a = 0
Example:
• Additive inverse of 10 is -10, as 10 + (-10) = 0
• Additive inverse of -9 is 9, as (-9) + 9 = 0
 MULTIPLICATIVE
INVERSE PROPERTY
OF INTEGERS
The multiplicative inverse of a number for any n is simply 1/n. It is denoted as:
1 / x or x-1 (Inverse of x)
It is also called as the reciprocal of a number and 1 is called the multiplicative
identity.
Finding the multiplicative inverse of natural numbers is easy, but it is difficult
for complex and real numbers.
 MULTIPLICATIVE
INVERSE PROPERTY
OF INTEGERS
For example, the multiplicative inverse of 3 is 1/3, of 47 is 1/47, 13 is 1/13, 8 is
1/8, etc., whereas the reciprocal of 0 will give an infinite value or 1/0 = ∞. Now
to check whether the inverse of a number is correct or not, we can perform the
multiplication operation, such that;
• 3 x 1/3 = 1
• 47 x 1/47 = 1
• 13 x 1/13 = 1
• 8 x 1/8 = 1
Hence, you can see in all the above four cases we get the identity number 1. So
it is proved.
ASSESSMENT
 A. IDENTIFY THE PROPERTY THAT THE STATEMENT
ILLUSTRATES

1. 7+4=4+7 =______________PROPERTY
2. 12(1) = 12 =______________PROPERTY

B. SUPPLY THE MISSING TERM TO COMPLETE EACH

STATEMENT USING THE GIVEN PROPERTY

3. 3 X (B X C) = __________ ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY

4. 5A+3B = _______________ COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY

5. 15+ ____ = 15 IDENTITY PROPERTY

ACTIVITY
 WHAT IS THE
SYMBOL?

WHERE DO YOU
USUALLY SEE THAT
SYMBOL?
 SYMBOL OF
SUMMATION AND
MULTIPLICATION AND
THEIR FUNCTION
Sigma (Summation) Notation
The Sigma symbol, , is a capital
letter in the Greek alphabet. It
corresponds to “S” in our alphabet, and
is used in mathematics to describe
“summation”, the addition or sum of a
bunch of terms
Pi (Product) Notation
The Pi symbol, , is a capital letter in the
Greek alphabet call “Pi”, and corresponds to “P”
in our alphabet. It is used in mathematics to
represent the product of a bunch of terms. It is
used in the same way as the Sigma symbol
described above, except that succeeding terms
are multiplied instead of added
Sigma (summation) and Pi (product) notation are
used in mathematics to indicate repeated addition
or multiplication. Sigma notation provides a
compact way to represent many sums, and is used
extensively when working with Arithmetic or
Geometric Series. Pi notation provides a compact
way to represent many products.
EXERCISE