Doctoral Research Progress Interim Briefing Sessions

COVID-19 Recovery on Rural Tourism

in Disaster-Prone Areas (Tentative)

ZAHARA Sylvia (D1)

Supervisor: Professor Emi Takeyama

Sustainable Rural Development Laboratory

GSGES Kyoto University
 Outlines

Problem Research
Research Plan Background
Statement Question
Objectives

Rural people resilience

Covid impact on rural Covid recovery on rural
Literature Review tourism tourism
toward natural
disasters

Methodology Possible Research Area

 Background
 The COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted economic activities worldwide and has severely
damaged global and subregional tourism (Jelilov et al., 2020; Chansuk et al., 2022; Gyimothi
et al., 2022).
 Tourism suffers as a result of travelers canceling their plans and going somewhere else after a
disaster happens; in this case, natural disasters also take a role in threatening tourism activities.
 The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had an impact on the field of public health but also on
economic conditions. At the national level, growth in Indonesia's economy in the fourth
quarter of 2020 slowed and contracted by 2.19%. Rural tourism is one of the economic drivers
that has a major impact on this phenomenon.
 Research into tourism crisis indicators in sustainable tourism has tended to focus on
identifying those indicators that monitor the negative impacts of tourism on the destination
rather than on indicators that measure recovery after a disaster (Sausmarez, 2007).
Background
Geographically located on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its position at the
intersection of three major tectonic plate makes Indonesia very vulnerable to
natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and
tsunamis.

Indonesia's disaster vulnerability

index map 1815-2012
Source: Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency
 Problem Statement
 Before COVID-19, travel and tourism had become one of the most important
sectors in the world economy, accounting for 10 percent of global GDP and
more than 320 million jobs worldwide (Adam B, 2020).
 COVID-19 has affected rural livelihood, particularly in tourism activities. Four
years after the pandemic hit, there have been a lot of losses economically;
Policy limits human movement through large-scale social restrictions (in
Bahasa Indonesia called PSBB) to minimize the transmission and spread of
COVID-19, obstruct economic movements, and increase prices for some
goods.
 This situation has a significant impact on tourism-related actors. Travel
agencies that are static and do not have any tourists using their services,
restaurants, souvenir shops with few customers, and several other
enterprises supporters in the travel and tourist industry are seeing near-total
paralysis from their businesses.
 Research Question
• To what extent is the impact and recovery of COVID-19 on rural tourism in disaster-
prone areas?
• Which tourist destination is sustainable against the COVID-19 Pandemic?
• What is the strategy for rural tourism recovery against the COVID-19 Pandemic in
disaster-prone areas?

Research Objectives
• Building the typology of rural tourist destinations in disaster-prone areas based on the
impact and the recovery of the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Analysing the factor of COVID-19 recovery on rural tourism in disaster-prone areas
using SDGs dimensions: Social, Economic, and Environment
• Measuring the COVID-19 recovery capacity of rural tourism in disaster-prone areas
 Literature Review
Covid impact on Rural Tourism
 The impact of the pandemic COVID on the tourism industry in 2020 has brought the tourism industry
into a freezing period, which will reduce farmers’ income from the tourism industry, may cause some of
the population to return to poverty, and increase the difficulty of rural revitalization (Yang and Zhu,
2021).

Covid Recovery on Rural Tourism

 The process of rural tourism recovery in the post-COVID-19 era consists substantially
of the development and evolutionary resilience in rural tourism. The governance
capability of local governments, robustness of rural social networks, activeness of
rural talent, innovativeness of development mechanisms, and persistence of resilience
cultivation are all essential factors throughout this process. Evolutionary resilience of
rural tourism could enable destinations to manage unpredictable crises and even to
seize novel development opportunities (Wang et. al., 2023)
 Literature Review
Rural People Resilience Toward Natural Disaster
 Frequent occurrence of natural disasters has become one of the most serious
challenges to human society. As rural communities are the forefront of
disasters, enhancing the resilience of rural community is crucial to mitigate the
impact of natural disasters and seek rapid recovery (Su et. al., 2024)
Methodology
Research Objectives Data Input Method Expected Outcome
 Distribution map of  Overlay Analysis • Statistical and spatial data
rural tourism in using GIS and of loss and damage post
1. Building the typology of disaster-prone area GeoDa Software Covid-19 in disaster-prone
rural tourist destinations in Hazard map in target  Statistical analysis area

disaster-prone areas based research area using Statistica • Categorization of impacted
on the impact and the Software tourism
recovery of the COVID-19
Pandemic • Estimation level for rural
tourism recovery

2. Analysing the factor of
COVID-19 recovery on
rural tourism in disaster-
prone areas using SDGs
dimensions: Social,
Economic, and
Environment
 Number of business  Questionnaire and • Local people`s perception
actors in the tourism Focus Group about natural disasters
sector Discussion (FGD)
Outcome 1 • Local people`s resilience
 against COVID-19

3. Measuring the COVID- 
19 recovery capacity of
rural tourism in disaster-
prone areas
Outcome 1 and 2 • AHP • Strategy for rural tourism
• MCE recovery in disaster-prone
• Spatial analysis area
• a model for sustainable
rural tourism in the
disaster-prone area
 Sampling method
Steps: Content of Questionnaire:
• Identify the define the population
The population is focused on the rural people who involved
1. Personal information
in tourism activities. 2. Economic recovery in rural
• Sample size: Simple Random Sampling tourism
n​= ​N÷(1 + ​Ne2) 3. Main challenges of tourism
Where : recovery
n: sample size 4. Health and safety protocols
N: population
e: error
5. Visitor Perception and Readiness
6. Sustainable tourism
• Technique -Random lottery
• Choosing the samples
 Measuring the community's recovery capacity of COVID-19 specifically in the context of rural
tourism involves assessing how well the local tourism sector can rebound from the pandemic's
impacts and sustainably support visitors while ensuring public health safety.
 Indicators to consider:
1. Visitor Data and Trends
2. Business and Operational Capacity
3. Infrastructure and Services
4. Community Engagement and Support
5. Market Research and Perception
6. Policy and Support Programs
7. Collaboration and Networking
8. Monitoring and Evaluation
 Methodology

Possible Research Area

In Aceh Province, particularly Central Aceh
Regency, earthquake and landslide are become a
threat which makes life unstable. However, in the
past few years, COVID-19 has become a new
threat.

Sumatra Island
Indonesia
Central Aceh Regency

Aceh Tengah Regency is an area with an average high between Sumatra Island
200 - 2600 meters of the sea surface and is shaped in land at
4.454,04 km2. Consist of 14 subdistricts and 295 villages.
 No. Tourism Destination Types of Tourism
Methodology 1 Kebun Apel Glp Gading Agrotourism
2 Galeri Kopi Indonesia Agrotourism
Classification of tourism in Central Aceh Regency 3 Dermaga Wisata Teluk Suyen Bamil Nosar Artificial Tourism
4 Natural park takengon Artificial Tourism
5 Gayo Water Park Artificial Tourism
6 Taman Bunga Tiga Dara Artificial Tourism
7 Travel Rafting Artificial Tourism
8 Niminawa Waterpark Artificial Tourism
9 Dermaga Wisata Artificial Tourism
10 LUNGUNDI PARK Artificial Tourism
11 Arena Pacuan Kuda Cultural Tourism
12 Pantan Terong Ecotourism
13 Bur Telege - Takengon Ecotourism
14 Ujung Nunang Ecotourism
15 Bur Telege - Takengon Ecotourism
16 Pante Ketibung Danau Laut Tawar Ecotourism
17 Pante Menye Ecotourism
18 Wisata Pemandian Air Panas Wih Porak Ecotourism
19 Puncak Melaya Ecotourism
20 Lancuk Leweng Ecotourism
21 Air Terjun Mengaya Ecotourism
22 Takengon Lut Tawar Lake Ecotourism
At the national level, growth in Indonesia's economy in 23 Forest Guard Bur Gayo Ecotourism
the fourth quarter of 2020 slowed and contracted by 24 Tepi Danau Laut Tawar Keramat Mupakat Ecotourism
2.19%. In provincial coverage, Aceh province's 25 Putri Pukes Cave Historical Tourism
economic growth throughout 2020 experienced negative 26 Loyang Koro Historical Tourism
27 Umah Pitu Ruang Historical Tourism
growth of -0.37%
 Traditional Culinary Gayo Coffee
What is the uniqueness of
Central Aceh Regency?

Elephant Conservation

Natural View
Central Aceh Regency has a Lut Tawar Lake, a very famous destination located
in the Gayo highlands. This lake is ​around 5,472 hectares wide.
This region has cool temperature comparing with other areas and is nicknamed
the land of a thousand clouds.

Horse Racing Culture

Rafting Destination

Art and Culture Cultural Heritage

Due to heavy rainfalls, the county is prone to soil erosion,
which further leads to landslides and floods.

The worst flash flood conditions occurred in Kampung Paya Tumpi

Baru, about 4 kilometers from the center of Takengon city. Very
high rainfall since noon in almost all areas of Central Aceh district,
caused the hills above the village to 'break' and drain large amounts
of water carrying materials in the form of stones, mud and wood.
In the midst of the pandemic, Central Aceh was hit by
flash floods and landslides (Doc May 2020)
 Tourist attractions closed due to Covid-19

The fence at a tourist destination collapsed due

to the earthquake in July 2013

Those kind of natural disasters creating an imbalance

in life in rural areas, especially those who depend on
tourism for their livelihoods.

Despite being vulnerable to natural disasters, the

Central Aceh Regency lacks a disaster mitigation and Forest fires at tourist destination, June 2023
management strategy.
 Future Work
Research Objective 1:
 Statistical data collection of covid-19 impact
 Spatial data collection of rural tourism

Research Objective 2:
 Designing questionnaires, sampling method
 Literature review on resilience indicators

Research Objective 3:
 Literature review on sustainable rural tourism indicators
 References
 Jelilov G., et al. Testing the nexus between stock market returns and inflation in Nigeria: does the effect of COVID-19 pandemic matter? J. Public Aff. 2020;20(4):e2289

 Chansuk, C., Arreeras, T., Chiangboon, C., Phonmakham, K., Chotikool, N., Buddee, R., Pumjampa, S., Yanasoi, T., & Arreeras, S. (2022). Using factor analyses to understand the post-pandemic
travel behavior in domestic tourism through a questionnaire survey. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 16, 100691

 Aref, F., Gill, S. S. 2009. Rural tourism development through rural cooperatives, Nature and Science, Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 68-73.

 BPS. 2022. Statistic of Aceh

 BNPB. 2012. Panduan Penilaian Kapasitas Daerah Dalam Penanggulangan Bencana.

 Governor of Aceh Province. 2019. Qanun of Aceh about Disaster Education.

 Okafor et al. 2022. COVID-19 economic policy response, resilience, and tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights 3.

 Petroman C. 2015. Typology of Tourism Destinations. Animal Science and Biotechnologies: 48(1).

 Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2008). Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

 Cai, H., Lam, N. S. N., Zou, L., Qiang, Y., & Li, K. (2016). Assessing community resilience to coastal hazards in the lower Mississippi River basin. Water, 8(2), 46.

 Cochrane J. 2010. The Sphere of Tourism Resilience. Tourism Recreation Research Vol. 35(2), 2010: 173-185

 Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267.

 https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/national_disaster_recovery_framework 2nd-edition.pdf